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Strategic Plan - The Department of Education Tasmania
Partnership Agreement – New South Wales AECG
Aboriginal Significant Dates Calendar
Aboriginal Colouring Pages - Brisbane Kids
Ways to include and encourage Aboriginal culture – VAEAI
Significant Dates - Community Services
NSW Homelessness Strategy 2018 - 2023 Family & Community ...
NAIDOC
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander - Community Services
Yarrabah Aboriginal Shire Council - Far North Queensland ...

The Aboriginal flag was created as a symbol of unity and national identity for Aboriginal people during the land rights movement of the early 1970’s. The flag was designed by Harold Thomas, a Luritja man of Central Australia, and was first flown on National Aboriginal Day in Adelaide in 1971. Last updated: 24 Sep 2019 . Back to top. Aboriginal flag. Torres Strait Islander flag. We acknowledge Aboriginal people as the First Nations Peoples of NSW and pay our respects to Elders past, present, and future. We acknowledge the ongoing connection Aboriginal people have to this land and recognise Aboriginal people as the original custodians ... The dates for NRW remain the same each year; 27 May to 3 June. These dates commemorate two significant milestones in the reconciliation journey— the successful 1967 referendum, and the High Court Mabo decision respectively. Yarrabah Shire lies to the East of Cairns and by road is placed approx. 60 kilometres from Cairns CBD.The coastline runs east from False Cape around Mission Bay, past Cape Grafton and Kings Point and then south to Palmer Point. It has an area of approx. 158.8 square kilometres and a population of approx. 2,600 persons. National Reconciliation Week, 27 May to 3 June – The theme for 2017 is 'Let's Take the Next Steps'. National Reconciliation Week is an opportunity for all Australians to learn about the shared histories, cultures and achievements of Aboriginal people. The week connects two significant dates in Australia’s history. The Department of Education’s Strategic Plan 2022-2024 Learners First: connected, resilient, creative and curious thinkers outlines our Vision and Commitment to Tasmania’s learners, our shared Values, our System Goals, our Priorities and our System Improvement Drivers to ensure that every learner in our system is inspired and engaged to learn more, every day. The Office provides strategic advice to the Chief Minister on issues affecting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living in the ACT. The Office coordinates a whole-of-government approach to issues affecting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander residents and provides secretariat and administrative support to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Community Consultative Council and ... Aboriginal children and young people are equally represented in gaining places in further education at the same level or better than the whole population of their peers. Aboriginal Students. Aboriginal students find schools to be engaging, culturally safe places to learn. Aboriginal students believe that they can succeed at school and they do ... National NAIDOC Week 2021. The National NAIDOC Committee has announced NAIDOC Week celebrations will be held from 4-11 July 2021. Read more July 14, 2019 at 7:09 pm Fantastic range of pictures and I will use for NAIDOC week activities. Plan to combine with Aboriginal stories such as How the birds got their colours.

Unreached People Group of the Week - Muong of Vietnam

2021.09.27 17:44 partypastorUnreached People Group of the Week - Muong of Vietnam

Hey guys, welcome to another week of UPG of the Week! I realize I haven't had an animst people group in a while so meet the Muong in Vietnam!
Stratus Index Ranking (Urgency): 66
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Climate: Due to differences in latitude and the marked variety in topographical relief, Vietnam's climate tends to vary considerably for each region. During the winter or dry season, extending roughly from November to April, the monsoon winds usually blow from the northeast along the Chinese coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin, picking up considerable moisture. The average annual temperature is generally higher in the plains than in the mountains, especially in southern Vietnam compared to the north. Temperatures vary less in the southern plains around Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta, ranging from between 21 and 35 °C (69.8 and 95.0 °F) over the year. In Hanoi and the surrounding areas of Red River Delta, the temperatures are much lower between 15 and 33 °C (59.0 and 91.4 °F). Seasonal variations in the mountains, plateaus, and the northernmost areas are much more dramatic, with temperatures varying from 3 °C (37.4 °F) in December and January to 37 °C (98.6 °F) in July and August. During winter, snow occasionally falls over the highest peaks of the far northern mountains near the Chinese border. Vietnam receives high rates of precipitation in the form of rainfall with an average amount from 1,500 mm (59 in) to 2,000 mm (79 in) during the monsoon seasons; this often causes flooding, especially in the cities with poor drainage systems. The country is also affected by tropical depressions, tropical storms and typhoons. Vietnam is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, with 55% of its population living in low-elevation coastal areas.
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Terrain: Vietnam's northern terrain is mostly mountainous or hilly, with some highland areas covered by a thick green blanket of jungle (about half the total land area). The Red River Delta and coastal plains in the lowland part of the North are heavily populated and intensively cultivated (almost entirely by rice fields).
The joined Delta of Hong River (Red River) and Thái Bình River is a flat, triangular region of 15,000 square kilometers. The Hong River Delta is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the Mekong Delta. Once an inlet of the Gulf of Tonkin, it has been filled in by the enormous alluvial deposits of the rivers over a period of millennia, and it advances one hundred meters into the Gulf annually.The ancestral home of the ethnic Vietnamese, the delta accounted for almost 70% of the agriculture and 80% of the industry of North Vietnam before 1975.
The Red River, rising in China's Yunnan Province, is about 1,200 kilometers long. Its two main tributaries, the Sông Lô (also called the Lo River, the Riviere Claire, or the Clear River) and the Sông Đà (also called the Black River or Riviere Noire), contribute to its high water volume, which averages 4,300 cubic meters per second.
The entire delta region, backed by the steep rises of the forested highlands, is no more than three meters above sea level, and much of it is one meter or less. The area is subject to frequent flooding; at some places the high-water mark of floods is fourteen meters above the surrounding countryside. For centuries flood control has been an integral part of the delta's culture and economy. An extensive system of dikes and canals has been built to contain the Red River and to irrigate the rich rice-growing delta. Modeled on that of China's, this ancient system has sustained a highly concentrated population and has made double-cropping wet-rice cultivation possible throughout about half the region.
The central mountains, which have several high plateaus, are irregular in elevation and form. The northern section is narrow and very rugged; the country's highest peak, Fan Si Pan, rises to 3,142 meters in the extreme northwest. The southern portion has numerous spurs that divide the narrow coastal strip into a series of compartments. For centuries these topographical features not only rendered north–south communication difficult but also formed an effective natural barrier for the containment of the people living in the Mekong basin.
The Mekong Delta, covering about 40,000 square kilometers, is a low-level plain not more than three meters above sea level at any point and criss-crossed by a maze of canals and rivers. So much sediment is carried by the Mekong's various branches and tributaries that the delta advances sixty to eighty meters into the sea every year. An official Vietnamese source estimates the amount of sediment deposited annually to be about 1 billion cubic meters, or nearly thirteen times the amount deposited by the Red River. About 10,000 square kilometers of the delta are under rice cultivation, making the area one of the major rice-growing regions of the world. The southern tip, known as the Cà Mau Peninsula is covered by dense jungle and mangrove swamps.
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Environmental Issues: The main overall issue that Vietnam is currently dealing with surrounds environmental pollution. This includes a lack of clean water supply, waste water, air pollution, and solid waste. Not only do these issues effect Vietnam, but also its population, urbanization, and surrounding countries.
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Languages: Vietnamese is the national language. The Muong people speak the Muong language. Also in Vietnam, French, Tày, Cham, Khmer, Chinese, Nùng, and Hmong.
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Government Type: Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic
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Population: 1,464,000
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Beliefs: The Muong are only 1% Christian. That means out of their population of 1,464,000 there are likely only 14,640 believers. Thats roughly 1 believer for every 100 unbelievers.
The Muong practice their traditional ethnic religion, worshiping ancestral spirits and other supernatural deities. They are primarily animists, which means that they believe that non-living objects have spirits. They also deify local heroes who have died. However, with the introduction of modern medicine, adherence to many folk beliefs has declined.
It is polytheistic, sharing many supernatural beings with Vietnamese folk religion. This ethnic religion has the lunar new year as main religious festival, including ancestor veneration. Every living person is thought to have many souls. It sees the passage from life to death in stages. It sees the soul as being divided in 90 parts
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History: The Muong epic Đẻ đất đẻ nước (Te tấc te đác) traces their ancestry to a legendary bird couple called Chim y (male bird) and Cái Ứa (female bird). During the Dongson and Han dynasty periods (500 BC–200 AD), Chinese accounts noted that the Lạc People inhabited on the hills of Jiuzhen (Thanh Hoá & Nghệ An) lived by hunting and gathering, and often had to buy rice from Lạc People in Jiaozhi (Red River Delta). They also practiced levirate marriage.
Following Trung sisters' rebellion (39–43 AD), a certain leader named Du Yang (Đỗ Dương) of Jiuzhen revolted against the Han and joined the sisters' rebels.
In archaeological and linguistic perspectives, Vietic and Katuic groups began to settle in Northern Vietnam and Laos around 2,000 to 1,000 BC. During 200 AD to around 600s AD (Six dynasties period of China), as the Red River Delta became inhabited by Kra-Dai speakers (Tai speakers) or both Hlai and later Tai speakers) and more sinicized, the traditional Vietic realm declined to areas of Jiuzhen. In 248, a rebellion in Vietnam led by Lady Trieu of Jiuzhen against the Wu regime briefly spread into Jiaozhi before being suppressed. By the seventh century, perhaps to evade pressures from the Khmers in the southwest, the migrating Tai in the northwest, and the Tang Empire in the northeast, Vietic groups began migrating northward to the Red River Delta, including the Muong. Vietic settlers in lower delta were known as the Kinh people who were influenced by Chinese culture, opposed to the intact Vietic Muong in the hills of upper delta.
In the 850s, frustrated by Chinese governor Li Zhou's abuses on hill populace in southern areas, the Du rebelled against the Tang. The chief of the Muong tribe, Lý Do Độc, also joined the revolt, and invited Nanzhao military. Together they sacked Annan's capital Songping (Hanoi) in 858 and 861, briefly driving the Tang out of the region. In 863, they successfully captured Annan and held it for three years, before being defeated and suppressed in 866 by Tang reinforcement led by Gao Pian. The Tang continued to campaign against the Muong and other aboriginals in 874–879, until they voluntarily retreated in 880 that ended one-thousand years of Chinese rule in northern Vietnam. The Muong then came to war with Vietnamese elites of the new Dai Viet kingdom in 989, 997, 1000, 1012, but finally were defeated and absorbed into Dai Viet mandala.
In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord Ngô Quyền defeated the forces of the Chinese Southern Han state at Bạch Đằng River and achieved full independence for Vietnam after a millennium of Chinese domination. Renamed Đại Việt (Great Viet), Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and Trần dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three Mongol invasions. Meanwhile, the Mahāyāna branch of Buddhism flourished and became the state religion.Following the 1406–7 Ming–Hồ War, which overthrew the Hồ dynasty, Vietnamese independence was interrupted briefly by the Chinese Ming dynasty, but was restored by Lê Lợi, the founder of the Lê dynasty. The Vietnamese dynasties reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of Emperor Lê Thánh Tông (1460–1497). Between the 11th and 18th centuries, Vietnam expanded southward in a process known as Nam tiến ('Southward expansion'), eventually conquering the kingdom of Champa and part of the Khmer Kingdom.
In the 1500s, the Portuguese became acquainted with the Vietnamese coast, where they reportedly erected a stele on the Chàm Islands to mark their presence. By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan. After having successfully settled Macau and Nagasaki to begin the profitable Macau–Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with Hội An. Portuguese traders and Jesuit missionaries under the Padroado system were active in both Vietnamese realms of Đàng Trong (Cochinchina or Quinan) and Đàng Ngoài (Tonkin) in the 17th century. The Dutch also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving Dejima in Japan to establish trade for silk. Meanwhile, in 1613, the first English attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving the East India Company. By 1672 the English managed to establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in Phố Hiến.
Between 1615 and 1753, French traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam. The first French missionaries arrived in Vietnam in 1658, under the Portuguese Padroado. From its foundation, the Paris Foreign Missions Society under Propaganda Fide actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first in 1664 and Tonkin first in 1666. Spanish Dominicans joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, and Franciscans were present in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. The Vietnamese authorities began to feel threatened by continuous Christianization activities. Following the detention of several missionaries, the French Navy received approval from their government to intervene in Vietnam in 1843, with the aim of freeing imprisoned Catholic missionaries from a kingdom that was perceived as xenophobic. Vietnam's sovereignty was gradually eroded by France in a series of military conquests between 1859 and 1885. At the Siege of Tourane in 1858, the French was aided by the Spanish (Using Filipino and Spanish troops from the Philippines)and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics. After the 1862 Treaty and especially after the full conquest of Lower Cochinchina by France in 1867, the Văn Thân movement of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against Catholics across central and northern Vietnam.
Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the French colony of Cochinchina. By 1884, the entire country had come under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of Annam and Tonkin.
Guerrillas of the royalist Cần Vương movement massacred around a third of Vietnam's Christian population during the colonial period as part of their rebellion against French rule. They were defeated in the 1890s after a decade of resistance by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres. Another large-scale rebellion, the Thái Nguyên uprising, was also suppressed heavily. The French developed a plantation economy to promote the export of tobacco, indigo, tea and coffee. However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights and self-government.
The French maintained full control over their colonies until World War II, when the war in the Pacific led to the Japanese invasion of French Indochina in 1940. Afterwards, the Japanese Empire was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while permitting the pro-Vichy French colonial administration to continue. Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a full-scale takeover of the country in March 1945. This led to the Vietnamese Famine of 1945, which resulted in up to two million deaths.
In 1941, the Việt Minh, a nationalist liberation movement based on a Communist Ideology, emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader Hồ Chí Minh. The Việt Minh sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the Japanese occupation. Following the military defeat of Japan and the fall of its puppet Empire of Vietnam in August 1945, anarchy, rioting, and murder were widespread, as Saigon's administrative services had collapsed. The Việt Minh occupied Hanoi and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.
In July 1945, the Allies had decided to divide Indochina at the 16th parallel to allow Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's Lord Louis Mountbatten received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.
But as the French were weakened by the German occupation, British-Indian forces and the remaining Japanese Southern Expeditionary Army Group were used to maintain order and to help France reestablish control through the 1945–1946 War in Vietnam. This resulted in the Việt Minh launching a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946. The resulting First Indochina War lasted until July 1954. The defeat of French colonialists and Vietnamese loyalists in the 1954 battle of Điện Biên Phủ allowed Hồ to negotiate a ceasefire from a favorable position at the subsequent Geneva Conference.
The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of Cambodia and Laos. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the Demilitarized Zone, roughly along the 17th parallel north, pending elections scheduled for July 1956. A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military through Operation Passage to Freedom. The partition of Vietnam by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections. But in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam's prime minister, Ngô Đình Diệm, toppled Bảo Đại in a fraudulent referendum organized by his brother Ngô Đình Nhu, and proclaimed himself president of the Republic of Vietnam. At that point the internationally recognized State of Vietnam effectively ceased to exist and was replaced by the Republic of Vietnam in the south—supported by the United States, France, Laos, Republic of China and Thailand—and Hồ's Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north, supported by the Soviet Union, Sweden, Khmer Rouge, and the People's Republic of China.
Between 1953 and 1956, the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms, including 'rent reduction' and 'land reform', which resulted in significant political repression. During the land reform, testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every 160 village residents, which extrapolated across all of Vietnam would indicate nearly 100,000 executions. Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area, a lower estimate of 50,000 executions became widely accepted by scholars at the time, but declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower, although likely greater than 13,500. In the South, Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in 'political reeducation centres'. This program incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailing communist activity in the country, if only for a time. The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957. The pro-Hanoi Việt Cộng began a guerrilla campaign in South Vietnam in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government. From 1960, the Soviet Union and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.
In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into mass demonstrations, leading to a violent government crackdown. This led to the collapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States, and ultimately to a 1963 coup in which he and Nhu were assassinated. The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu took control in mid-1965. Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971. During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States began increasing its contribution of military advisers, using the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident as a pretext for such intervention. US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000. The US also engaged in a sustained aerial bombing campaign. Meanwhile, China and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers. Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the Hồ Chí Minh trail, which passed through Laos.
The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 Tết Offensive. The campaign failed militarily, but shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war. During the offensive, communist troops massacred over 3,000 civilians at Huế. Facing an increasing casualty count, rising domestic opposition to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began withdrawing from ground combat roles in the early 1970s. This also entailed an unsuccessful effort to strengthen and stabilize South Vietnam. Following the Paris Peace Accords of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973. In December 1974, North Vietnam captured the province of Phước Long and started a full-scale offensive, culminating in the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. South Vietnam was ruled by a provisional government for almost eight years while under North Vietnamese military occupation.
On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Việt Nam. The war left Vietnam devastated, with the total death toll between 966,000 and 3.8 million. A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4 million Vietnamese civilians were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974—including 415,000 killed. In its aftermath, under Lê Duẩn's administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears, but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to reeducation camps, where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour. The government embarked on a mass campaign of collectivization of farms and factories. In 1978, in response to the Khmer Rouge government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of An Giang and Kiên Giang, the Vietnamese military invaded Cambodia and removed them from power after occupying Phnom Penh. The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the People's Republic of Kampuchea, which ruled until 1989. This, however, worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a brief incursion into northern Vietnam in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the Chinese government began to escalate.
At the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the 'old guard' government with new leadership. The reformers were led by 71-year-old Nguyễn Văn Linh, who became the party's new general secretary. He and the reformers implemented a series of free-market reforms known as Đổi Mới ('Renovation') that carefully managed the transition from a planned economy to a 'socialist-oriented market economy'.
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Culture:Typical qualification that all people groups can't be summed up in small paragraphs and this is an over generalization.
The Muong residents primarily grow wet rice and some of them also grow corn, cassava. Breeding is attached special importance to development. The main livestock is cattle and poultries. The significant economic resources of the Muong family are exploiting products of forest including mushrooms, jew’s ear, cardamom, lac, cinnamon, honey, wood, bamboo, rattan … The typical crafts of the Muong are weaving, knitting, reeling.
The Muong have an extraordinarily unified culture. One can pass through large areas of Muong territory without ever passing through the territory of another ethnic group. There is also a strong feeling of mutual aid within the Muong villages. Villagers willingly help one another in local projects, and depend on each other for mutual support and help during times of trouble.
Farming is the foundation of the Muong economy, although gathering, fishing, hunting, raising livestock, and making handicrafts have also become very important. The farmers raise wet rice on terraced land, watered by small brooks. Dry rice is also grown by using the 'slash and burn' method of cultivation. Since productivity is low, the Muong also gather cinnamon and wood for trade. Many of their towns have become trading centers.
Muong villages generally consist of 10 to 50 households. They are usually situated on plateaus, or near water at higher altitudes (over 2,600 feet). Most of the Muong do not live near any major lines of communication. They live in houses that are raised about six feet off the ground on wooden stilts. They are large, rectangular dwellings divided into separate rooms by shoulder-high bamboo screens. A prominent feature in each home is the altar, which is built in honor of their ancestors. Each home has a verandah at its entrance. There, a bucket of water is kept for washing their feet before entering the home.
Until the revolution in 1945, Muong social organization was aristocratic, and a headman had absolute authority in his jurisdiction. Since the revolution, the Muong community has undergone enormous changes. Their nation has been transformed from a feudalistic society into a socialistic society. Every area of life and level of society has been affected. For example, in 1945, the authority of the headman was abolished. The once independent Muong farmers now work on collective (community) farms, sharing equally in production. The administration of the cooperative is carried out by a committee elected by the people's council. Today, peasants pay between seven and ten percent of their produce to the state.
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Pray that God will grant favor to any missions agencies currently focusing on the Muong.
Ask the Holy Spirit to anoint the Gospel message as it goes forth via radio among the Muong.
Pray that God will give the Muong believers opportunities to share the Gospel with their own people.
Ask God to send Christian humanitarian aid workers to Vietnam to minister to the physical needs of these war-torn people.
Ask God to call forth prayer teams who will begin breaking up the soil through intercession.
Pray that strong local churches will be planted among the Muong.
Pray for our nation (the United States), that we Christians can learn to come alongside our hurting brothers and sisters and learn to carry one another's burdens in a more Christlike manner than we have done historically.
Pray that in this time of chaos and panic that the needs of the unreached are not forgotten by the church. Pray that our hearts continue to ache to see the unreached hear the Good News.

Brothers, my heart’s desire and prayer to God for them is that they may be saved. (Romans 10:1)
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Here are the previous weeks threads on the UPG of the Week for Reformed

People Group	Country	Continent	Date Posted	Beliefs
Muong	Vietnam	Asia	09/27/2021	Animism
Afar	Djibouti	Africa	09/20/2021	Islam
Ngalong	Bhutan	Asia	09/13/2021	Buddhism*
Tajik	Afghanistan	Asia	09/06/2021	Islam
Pashayi	Afghanistan	Asia	08/30/2021	Islam
Hazara	Afghanistan	Asia	08/23/2021	Islam
Pashtun	Afghanistan	Asia	08/16/2021	Islam
Saharawi	Western Sahara	Africa	08/09/2021	Islam
Hijazi Arabs	Saudi Arabia	Asia	08/02/2021	Islam
Azerbaijani	Azerbaijan	Asia	07/26/2021	Islam
Shaikh	India	Asia	07/19/2021	Islam
Druze	Lebanon	Asia	07/12/2021	Druze
Eastern Aleut	Russia	Asia	06/28/2021	Animism
Al-Muhamasheen	Yemen	Asia	06/21/2021	Islam
Koreans	North Korea	Asia	06/14/2021	Nonreligious
Palestinians	Israel	Asia	06/07/2021	Islam
Kumyk	Turkey	Asia	05/31/2021	Islam
Tujia	China	Asia	05/24/2021	Animism
Jebala	Morocco	Africa	05/17/2021	Islam
Pashtun	Pakistan	Asia	05/10/2021	Islam
Salar	China	Asia	05/03/2021	Islam
Algerians	Algeria	Africa	04/26/2021	Islam
Sasak	Indonesia	Asia	04/19/2021	Islam
Senoufo	Mali	Africa	04/12/2021	Islam/Animism
Drukpa	Bhutan	Asia	04/05/2021	Buddhism
Adi Dravida	India	Asia	03/29/2021	Hinduism
Northern Khmer	Thailand	Asia	03/22/2021	Buddhism
Balinese	Indonesia	Asia	03/15/2021	Hinduism
Central Kurd	Iraq	Asia	03/08/2021	Islam
Brahmin Hill	Nepal	Asia	03/01/2021	Hinduism
Bosniaks	Bosnia	Europe	02/22/2021	Islam
Guhayna	Sudan	Africa	02/15/2021	Islam
Laz	Georgia	Europe	02/08/2021	Islam
Bambara	Mali	Africa	02/01/2021	Islam/Animism
Darkhad	Mongolia	Asia	01/25/2021	Animism
South Ucayali Asheninka	Peru	South America	01/18/2021	Animism
Moroccan Arabs	Morocco	Africa	01/11/2021	Islam
Gulf Bedouin	United Arab Emirates	Asia	01/04/2021	Islam
Sinhalese	Australia	Oceania	12/28/2020	Buddhism
Rohingya	Myanmar	Asia	12/21/2020	Islam
Bosniak	Slovenia	Europe	12/14/2020	Islam
Palestinian Arabs	West Bank	Asia	12/07/2020	Islam
Larke	Nepal	Asia	11/30/2020	Buddhist
Korean (Reached People Group)	South Korea	Asia	11/23/2020	Christian
Qashqa'i	Iran	Asia	11/16/2020	Islam
Saaroa	Taiwan	Asia	11/02/2020	Animism (?)
Urdu	Ireland	Europe	10/26/2020	Islam
Wolof	Senegal	Africa	10/19/2020	Islam
Turkish Cypriot	Cyprus	Europe	10/12/2020	Islam
Awjilah	Libya	Africa	10/05/2020	Islam
Manihar	India	Asia	09/28/2020	Islam
Tianba	China	Asia	09/21/2020	Animism
Arab	Qatar	Asia	09/14/2020	Islam
Turkmen	Turkmenistan	Asia	08/31/2020	Islam
Lyuli	Uzbekistan	Asia	08/24/2020	Islam
Kyrgyz	Kyrgyzstan	Asia	08/17/2020	Islam*
Yakut	Russia	Asia	08/10/2020	Animism*
Northern Katang	Laos	Asia	08/03/2020	Animism
Uyghur	Kazakhstan	Asia	07/27/2020	Islam
Syrian (Levant Arabs)	Syria	Asia	07/20/2020	Islam
Teda	Chad	Africa	07/06/2020	Islam
Kotokoli	Togo	Africa	06/28/2020	Islam
Hobyot	Oman	Asia	06/22/2020	Islam
Moor	Sri Lanka	Asia	06/15/2020	Islam
Shaikh	Bangladesh	Asia	06/08/2020	Islam
Khalka Mongols	Mongolia	Asia	06/01/2020	Animism
Comorian	France	Europe	05/18/2020	Islam
Bedouin	Jordan	Asia	05/11/2020	Islam
Muslim Thai	Thailand	Asia	05/04/2020	Islam
Nubian	Uganda	Africa	04/27/2020	Islam
Kraol	Cambodia	Asia	04/20/2020	Animism
Tay	Vietnam	Asia	04/13/2020	Animism
Yoruk	Turkey	Asia	04/06/2020	Islam
Xiaoliangshn Nosu	China	Asia	03/30/2020	Animism
Jat (Muslim)	Pakistan	Asia	03/23/2020	Islam
Beja Bedawi	Egypt	Africa	03/16/2020	Islam
Tunisian Arabs	Tunisia	Africa	03/09/2020	Islam
Yemeni Arab	Yemen	Asia	03/02/2020	Islam
Bosniak	Croatia	Europe	02/24/2020	Islam
Azerbaijani	Georgia	Europe	02/17/2020	Islam
Zaza-Dimli	Turkey	Asia	02/10/2020	Islam
Huichol	Mexico	North America	02/03/2020	Animism
Kampuchea Krom	Cambodia	Asia	01/27/2020	Buddhism
Lao Krang	Thailand	Asia	01/20/2020	Buddhism
Gilaki	Iran	Asia	01/13/2020	Islam
Uyghurs	China	Asia	01/01/2020	Islam
Israeli Jews	Israel	Asia	12/18/2019	Judaism
More in older post

As always, if you have experience in this country or with this people group, feel free to comment or let me know and I will happily edit it so that we can better pray for these peoples!
Here is a list of definitions in case you wonder what exactly I mean by words like 'Unreached'.
Here is a list of missions organizations that reach out to the world to do missions for the Glory of God.
submitted bypartypastortoReformed [link][comments]

2021.09.05 14:47 Jacob_ScholarEast-Eurasian: A term used in population genomics to refer to East Asian-related populations. In this post, I will discuss the basics about the genetic grouping known as East-Eurasians, their history, and some other interesting facts.

East-Eurasian is a term used in population genomics to refer to “East Asian-related populations”, such as Southeast Asians or Northern Asians and Siberians. It also includes population groups predominantly descending from these East Asian-related populations, such as modern Central Asians or Native Americans.
East-Eurasian should not be confused with “eastern non-Africans”, which refers to any ethno-linguistic group which used the eastern route, specifically East-Eurasians, and South-Eurasians (Oceanian/Papuan-related populations).
The migration routes of human lineages, according to the advanced Out-of-Africa theory.
East-Eurasians (in anthropologic studies historically known as “Mongoloids”) did originate and expanded from Paleolithic Mainland Southeast Asia. A hypothese about an Siberian or Arctic origin of East-Eurasians is generally seen as obsolete, because East-Eurasians used the southern Himalayan route into Mainland Southeast Asia, rather than a northern Himalayan route through Central Asia. Northern Siberia/Eurasia was in fact first populated by a deeply European-related lineage, which was subsequently replaced by several waves of East-Eurasian groups.
Population structure during the Paleolithic; Ancient North Eurasians formed as result of West-Eurasian and East-Eurasian groups merging. “ANE” is estimated to have ~73% West-Eurasian ancestry [mostly maternal] and ~27% East-Eurasian ancestry [mostly paternal].
East-Eurasians (East Asian-related people) can be demonstatively traced back as distinct ancestry lineage more than 50,000BC to Mainland Southeast Asia. From there, East-Eurasian ancestry (East Asian-related ancestry) spreaded northwards and southwards respectively.
As such, East Asian-related groups, such as Northeast Asians, Southeast Asians, Siberians, but also Native Americans, descend from a source population in Mainland Southeast Asia.
Here we see the arrival of East-Eurasians to Mainland Southeast Asia and their later dispersal southwards, spreading East Asian-related ancestry:
Spread of East-Eurasian and later Basal East Asian populations from Mainland Southeast Asia southwards. East Asian-related ancestry expanded multiple times southwards into Insular Southeast Asia as early as 50,000BC, demonstratively since 25,000BC, much early than previously suggeted. [Larena et al. 2021]
Eurasians (East Asian-related people) are distinct from the slightly earlier wave into Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania, known as “Australasians”, “Sahulians”, or simply “South-Eurasians”.
Replacement through, and geneflow from East-Eurasians into these South-Eurasian groups happened already between 25,000 up to 50,000 years ago. Further, East Asian-related ancestry was far more widespreaded than previously suggested. It was found that East Asian-related ancestry dominated Insular Southeast Asia (ISEA) already since 15,000 BC, long before the expansion of Austroasiatic and Austronesian populations.
Larena et al. 2021 concluded that the spread of East Asian-related ancestry was much earlier than previously suggested. Insular Southeast Asia was already dominated by East Asian-related ancestry at ~15,000BC, long before the expansion of Austronesian-speakers, which dominate Insular Southeast Asia today.
The authors also found that previous suggestions of an South-Eurasian (previously known as 'Australo-Melanesian') presence in large parts of Mainland Southeast Asia and southernmost China are obsolete. The genetic data does not support the presence or admixture of South-Eurasian lineages in ancient samples of southern China, such as the Liangdao (2) sample. In contrary, the presence of East Asian-related lineages in ancient Insular Southeast Asian and Oceanian samples suggest that the previous found affinity can be explained by early expansion of Basal-East Asian lineages from Mainland Southeast Asia.
Similarly, Carlhoff et al. 2021 concluded that the fact that Basal-East Asian ancestry is detected at high frequency among Holocene hunter-gatherer samples in South-Sulawesi, show that the expansion of East Asian-related ancestry predates the expansion of rice-agriculturalists as well as the expansion of Austroasiatic and Austronesian groups respectively. Hoabinhian samples from Penisular Malaysia were found to have ~75% East Asian-related ancestry, while a Hoabinhian classified hunter-gatherer sample in South-Sulawesi had ~50% East Asian-related ancesry. More about that later.
Here the two scenarios for the northwards expansion of East-Eurasian lineages:
Northwards expansion of early East-Eurasians. The famous Jomon culture of Japan originated from such East-Eurasian population, however also recived some geneflow from a deeply-European-related lineage from Northern Siberia, which is not found in other East-Eurasian groups. The Jomon were an East Asian-related population, but on Hokkaido, merged with an earlier Upper-Paleolithic population, deeply related to Europeans.
The northwards expansion reached Northeast Asia quite fast and populated all of East Asia, Northeast Asia and northeastern Siberia respectively. Evidence for East Asian-related ancestry is dated back to 45,000BC, samplified by the Tianyuan sample. There may be earlier presence of East-Eurasians, but currently, Tianyuan is the oldest sample in northern East Asia.
Tianyuan is often modeled Basal to all East-Eurasians, but Larena et al. 2021 modeled Tianyuan as an offshot of the Basal-East Asian source population in Mainland Southeast Asia. This means the Tianyuan sample is simply a sample closer to Basal-East Asians, similarly as ancient Jomon samples, or modern Himalayan Kusunda samples, an endangered ethno-linguistic group in Nepal.
Kusunda people, an isolated genetic fossil, representing the early Basal-East Asians:
https://preview.redd.it/sgl8dlzc6ol71.png?width=1500&format=png&auto=webp&s=feca1cbd689aa98e0089bcea39a68f7dca207fe0
https://preview.redd.it/7nca0kjk6ol71.png?width=1200&format=png&auto=webp&s=ed260c58deedc68fe745c3e36d43e776d360ce0d
Basal-East Asians obviously had darker skin than many modern East Asian-related groups. Southeast Asians and Native Americans retained slightly darker average skin tones. The Kusunda give us an example about the Ancestral East Asians.
Genetically speaking, the Kusunda are close in PCA charts to Jomon samples and Tianyuan.
Sadly, the Kusunda are nearly extinct, their language only spoken by the elders, and the few young Kusundas increasingly assimilated into the majority population. The Kusunda were an isolated Himalayan hunter-gatherer population, and did not underwent admixture with Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burmese migrants.
Here are some PCA charts, showing the genetic position of specific population groups and clusters:
Here “eastern non-Africans”:
https://preview.redd.it/bjvvmcb28ol71.png?width=815&format=png&auto=webp&s=750d92f04f434b2e1d27e527b41071988e3b41d7
Here Eurasian comparison samples:

Here we can see two Kusunda sampls, relative close to the Jomon samples (IK002) and Tianyuan_UP, followed by the ancient Chokhopani_IA sample and modern Sherpa.
Here worldwide comparison samples:
https://preview.redd.it/hxf0hu5k8ol71.png?width=602&format=png&auto=webp&s=9bcf32d60774e5e5d61279aced419412cb427eee
Now some further information about the population history of Eurasia and the impact of East-Eurasian expansion from Mainland Southeast Asia:
All modern and ancient Australasian/South-Eurasian samples have varying amounts of East Asian-related admixture. This is in accordance to previous studies which found that modern Negrito tribes have between 30% to 65% East Asian-related ancestry. The Andamanese Onge as example were found to have approximately 30% East Asian-related ancestry (range between 6% and 45%). [Chaubey et al. 2015, Narasimhan et al. 2019, Liu et al. 2020, Carlhoff et al. 2021]
The Andamanese people, which were previously suggested to be rather isolated from outside influence, were found to have rather high East Asian-related ancestry and are shifted towards East Asians, compared to with Papuans.

Onge*: 67.54% Oceanic, 0.98% Melano_Polynesian,* 13.57% EA, 13.21% S_EA*.* 28.55% East Eurasian(~30% shared drift with “East Asians*) and the N-S cline for the East Eurasian ancestry is 0.6882.* It’s worth pointing out that MDLP K23b models modern-day Onge always as being “part East Asian” and not just some combination of AASI-like “S_Indian”, “Australoid”, and “Melano_Polynesian”.

Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea ‘Leang Panninge’:
Carlhoff, S., Duli, A., Nägele, K. et al. Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea.Nature596***,*** 543–547 (2021).
A 2021 study, about ancient Hoabinhian hunter-gatherers, Andamanese Onge, Australasians (Papuans and Aboriginal Australians) and East-Eurasian, including a new sample of an Neolithic hunter-gatherer woman in South Sulawesi, Wallacea, eastern Indonesia, revealed further information about the peopling of Insular Southeast Asia, and the impact of East Asian-related populations.
In southern Sulawesi, a Holocene hunter-gatherer sample was analyzed.
The study results found that the new ‘Leang Panninge’ Neolithic hunter-gatherer sample, which dates to 7,300 BC has surprisingly high East-Eurasian (termed “Basal-East Asian) ancestry at ~50%. The previous Hoabinhian samples were found to be even closer to East Asian cline (Pha Faen in Laos, dated to 7939–7751 calibrated years before present (yr cal BP; present taken as AD 1950), and Gua Cha in Malaysia (4.4–4.2 kyr cal BP)) with ~75% East Asian-related ancestry.
PCA chart, showing the East-Eurasian and South-Eurasian cluster, with intermediated populations forming a cline. This cline is the result of East-Eurasian geneflow into South-Eurasian populations.

The qpGraph analysis confirmed this branching pattern, with the Leang Panninge individual branching off from the Near Oceanian clade after the Denisovan gene flow, although with the most supported topology indicating around50% of a basal East Asian component contributing to the Leang Panninge genome (Fig. 3c, Supplementary Figs. 7–11).

More recently, Austroasiatic and Austronesian expansions into Insular Southeast Asia:
https://preview.redd.it/ruhbki1q9ol71.png?width=602&format=png&auto=webp&s=5f5820a3506cd09f752fc57176e9cf6ea34f7493
The northward expansion of East-Eurasians shaped the population history of Siberia and Central Asia massively. East-Eurasians also left some influence on the formation of modern Europeans.
Karafet et al., Mayat et al., Tumonggor et al., and Hallast et al. 2020 “Early replacement of West Eurasian male Y chromosomes from the East”
A 37,000 year old sample found in modern day Romania, southeastern Europe, was found to be genetically closer to East Asians than to Europeans (the sample had both European and East Asian ancestry but clearly shifted towards East Asians). A reconstruction by European scientists based on anthropology and genetic data showed that this sample had East Asian like phenotypes which correspond to the closer relation to East Asians rather than Europeans:
https://preview.redd.it/bq5ip02t9ol71.png?width=602&format=png&auto=webp&s=0b022ae7405314af2748649e4170fda8a886004d
One of the more recent East-Eurasian waves into Europe is Uralic:
The homeland of proto-Uralic and their expansion westwars, spreading Uralic languages.

We further estimated the genetic composition in these populations using qpAdm3. All ancient and modern individuals from the Baltics, Finland and Russia were successfully modelled as a mixture of five lines of ancestry, represented by eastern Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (EHG, from Karelia), Yamnaya from Samara, LBK from the early European Neolithic, western Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (WHG, from Spain, Luxembourg and Hungary), and Nganasan, or subsets of those five (Supplementary Data 4). In contrast to previous models for European populations using three streams of ancestry2,3, we found that some populations modelled here require two additional components: a component related to modern Nganasans, as discussed above, and additional EHG ancestry, not explained by Yamnaya (who have been shown to contain large amounts of EHG ancestry themselves3). Indeed, the six Bolshoy individuals have substantial amounts of EHG but no Yamnaya ancestry. We find that Nganasan-related ancestry is significantly present in all of our ancient samples except for Levänluhta_B, and in many modern, mainly Uralic-speaking populations. The 3500-year-old ancient individuals from Bolshoy represent the highest proportion of Siberian Nganasan-related ancestry seen in this region so far, and possibly evidence its earliest presence in the western end of the trans-Siberian expanse (Fig. 4). The geographically proximate ancient hunter-gatherers from the Baltics (6000 and 6300 BC) and Motala (~ 6000 BC), who predate Bolshoy, lack this component, as do late Neolithic and Bronze Age individuals from the Baltics7,8,45.

Ngnasan as representative for East-Eurasian ancestry.
Another influental wave from Northeast Asia was Turkic:
Uchiyama et al. 2020

Recent DNA studies show that starting from the end of the second millennium BCE, the East Asian-related components were already found in numerous populations in Central Asia and Eastern Europe (Narasimhan et al., 2019). By the Iron Age, populations (e.g. Xiongnu) with primarily East Asian ancestry moved westward on a large scale, which combined in different proportions with local populations who were originally Indo-European speakers with largely west Eurasian ancestry that shifted their languages to Turkic (Damgaard et al., 2018). Modern DNA of multiple Turkic populations showed that the Turkic peoples shared their ancestry with populations from southern Siberia and Mongolia, supporting the hypothesis that they originated there (Yunusbayev et al., 2015; Tambets et al. 2018). Although current genetic evidence is not adequate to track the exact time and location for the origin of the proto-Turkic language, it is clear that it probably originated somewhere in northeastern Asia given the fact that the nomadic groups, such as the Rouran, Xiongnu and the Xianbei, all share a substratum genetic ancestry that falls into or close to the northeast Asian gene pool (Ning et al., in press; Li et al., 2018).

Damgaard et al. 2018: pp. 1/intro and 4–5.

“These historical events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry.”…“These results suggest that Turkic cultural customs wereimposed by an East Asian minority eliteonto central steppe nomad populations… The wide distribution of the Turkic languages from Northwest China, Mongolia and Siberia in the east to Turkey and Bulgaria in the west implies large-scale migrations out of the homeland in Mongolia.”

The peopling of the Americas:
Native Americans are predominantly East-Eurasian genetically speaking, but they also absorbed some [maternal] West-Eurasian ancestry during their early migration through northern Siberia into the Americas.
This is my second post about human population genomics and I hope it was interesting and helped to get a better understanding about the term “East-Eurasian”. I hope it also helped to better understand the population history of East Asians and Eurasia.
Thank you all for reading! ~~~~Jacob

submitted byJacob_Scholartogenetics [link][comments]

2021.09.03 22:35 Jacob_ScholarPopulation genomics: East-Eurasians (East Asian-related populations); In this post, we will learn more about the meaning of “East-Eurasian”, a scientific term used in human genetics.

Onge: 67.54% Oceanic, 0.98% Melano_Polynesian,13.57% EA, 13.21% S_EA.28.55% East Eurasian(~30% shared drift with “East Asians) and the N-S cline for the East Eurasian ancestry is 0.6882.
It’s worth pointing out that MDLP K23b models modern-day Onge always as being “part East Asian” and not just some combination of AASI-like “S_Indian”, “Australoid”, and “Melano_Polynesian”.

Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea ‘Leang Panninge’:
Carlhoff, S., Duli, A., Nägele, K. et al. Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea.Nature596,543–547 (2021).
A 2021 study, about ancient Hoabinhian hunter-gatherers, Andamanese Onge, Australasians (Papuans and Aboriginal Australians) and East-Eurasian, including a new sample of an Neolithic hunter-gatherer woman in South Sulawesi, Wallacea, eastern Indonesia, revealed further information about the peopling of Insular Southeast Asia, and the impact of East Asian-related populations.

In southern Sulawesi, a Holocene hunter-gatherer sample was analyzed.
The study results found that the new ‘Leang Panninge’ Neolithic hunter-gatherer sample, which dates to 7,300 BC has surprisingly high East-Eurasian (termed “Basal-East Asian) ancestry at ~50%. The previous Hoabinhian samples were found to be even closer to East Asian cline (Pha Faen in Laos, dated to 7939–7751 calibrated years before present (yr cal BP; present taken as AD 1950), and Gua Cha in Malaysia (4.4–4.2 kyr cal BP)) with ~75% East Asian-related ancestry.

PCA chart, showing the East-Eurasian and South-Eurasian cluster, with intermediated populations forming a cline. This cline is the result of East-Eurasian geneflow into South-Eurasian populations.

The qpGraph analysis confirmed this branching pattern, with the Leang Panninge individual branching off from the Near Oceanian clade after the Denisovan gene flow, although with the most supported topology indicating around50% of a basal East Asian component contributing to the Leang Panninge genome (Fig. 3c, Supplementary Figs. 7–11).

More recently, Austroasiatic and Austronesian expansions into Insular Southeast Asia:
https://preview.redd.it/napdy69tacl71.png?width=602&format=png&auto=webp&s=45e6e04247a2b7c1f06eb89e1cf16e67c494f6bc
The northward expansion of East-Eurasians shaped the population history of Siberia and Central Asia massively. East-Eurasians also left some influence on the formation of modern Europeans.

Karafet et al., Mayat et al., Tumonggor et al., and Hallast et al. 2020 “Early replacement of West Eurasian male Y chromosomes from the East”
A 37,000 year old sample found in modern day Romania, southeastern Europe, was found to be genetically closer to East Asians than to Europeans (the sample had both European and East Asian ancestry but clearly shifted towards East Asians). A reconstruction by European scientists based on anthropology and genetic data showed that this sample had East Asian like phenotypes which correspond to the closer relation to East Asians rather than Europeans:
https://preview.redd.it/qjtzsxo2bcl71.png?width=602&format=png&auto=webp&s=5715e1bda75ef5beba96eccd569edeb2ec2bd61c
One of the more recent East-Eurasian waves into Europe is Uralic:

The homeland of proto-Uralic and their expansion westwars, spreading Uralic languages.

We further estimated the genetic composition in these populations using qpAdm3. All ancient and modern individuals from the Baltics, Finland and Russia were successfully modelled as a mixture of five lines of ancestry, represented by eastern Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (EHG, from Karelia), Yamnaya from Samara, LBK from the early European Neolithic, western Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (WHG, from Spain, Luxembourg and Hungary), and Nganasan, or subsets of those five (Supplementary Data 4). In contrast to previous models for European populations using three streams of ancestry2,3, we found that some populations modelled here require two additional components: a component related to modern Nganasans, as discussed above, and additional EHG ancestry, not explained by Yamnaya (who have been shown to contain large amounts of EHG ancestry themselves3). Indeed, the six Bolshoy individuals have substantial amounts of EHG but no Yamnaya ancestry. We find that Nganasan-related ancestry is significantly present in all of our ancient samples except for Levänluhta_B, and in many modern, mainly Uralic-speaking populations. The 3500-year-old ancient individuals from Bolshoy represent the highest proportion of Siberian Nganasan-related ancestry seen in this region so far, and possibly evidence its earliest presence in the western end of the trans-Siberian expanse (Fig. 4). The geographically proximate ancient hunter-gatherers from the Baltics (6000 and 6300 BC) and Motala (~ 6000 BC), who predate Bolshoy, lack this component, as do late Neolithic and Bronze Age individuals from the Baltics7,8,45.

Ngnasan as representative for East-Eurasian ancestry.

https://preview.redd.it/zop0dqhabcl71.png?width=602&format=png&auto=webp&s=2fb87afffef39d227d97bf46eb4e1ce6a3e8d76a
Another influental wave from Northeast Asia was Turkic:
Uchiyama et al. 2020

Recent DNA studies show that starting from the end of the second millennium BCE, the East Asian-related components were already found in numerous populations in Central Asia and Eastern Europe (Narasimhan et al., 2019). By the Iron Age, populations (e.g. Xiongnu) with primarily East Asian ancestry moved westward on a large scale, which combined in different proportions with local populations who were originally Indo-European speakers with largely west Eurasian ancestry that shifted their languages to Turkic (Damgaard et al., 2018). Modern DNA of multiple Turkic populations showed that the Turkic peoples shared their ancestry with populations from southern Siberia and Mongolia, supporting the hypothesis that they originated there (Yunusbayev et al., 2015; Tambets et al. 2018). Although current genetic evidence is not adequate to track the exact time and location for the origin of the proto-Turkic language, it is clear that it probably originated somewhere in northeastern Asia given the fact that the nomadic groups, such as the Rouran, Xiongnu and the Xianbei, all share a substratum genetic ancestry that falls into or close to the northeast Asian gene pool (Ning et al., in press; Li et al., 2018).

Damgaard et al. 2018: pp. 1/intro and 4–5.

“These historical events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry.”…“These results suggest that Turkic cultural customs wereimposed by an East Asian minority eliteonto central steppe nomad populations… The wide distribution of the Turkic languages from Northwest China, Mongolia and Siberia in the east to Turkey and Bulgaria in the west implies large-scale migrations out of the homeland in Mongolia.”

The peopling of the Americas:

https://preview.redd.it/pdb9zgeibcl71.png?width=875&format=png&auto=webp&s=45b63eca8cf56fee2e6ddac4bdab3d90cb795f84
Native Americans are predominantly East-Eurasian genetically speaking, but they also absorbed some [maternal] West-Eurasian ancestry during their early migration through northern Siberia into the Americas.
This is my first post about human population genomics and I hope it was interesting and helped to get a better understanding about the term “East-Eurasian”. I hope it also helped to better understand the population history of East Asians.
Thank you all for reading! ~~~~Jacob

submitted byJacob_ScholartoAncestryDNA [link][comments]

2021.07.30 02:14 WMVAInteresting facts about Australia

Queen Elizabeth II once fired the entire Australian government

Let’s start off with a historical nugget that pertains to our current political storm. In 1975, in response to an Australian government shutdown – the result of a deadlock over drawn-out budgetary squabbling – the Queen stepped in and shocked the nation by firing everyone in Parliament and instating a new one. Or rather, her official representative in Australia, Governor General Sir John Kerr, handled the formalities on her behalf – in an announcement that ended with: “God save the Queen”.

Swimming in the sea used to be illegal

Between the years of 1838 and 1902, swimming at public beaches in Sydney and other parts of New South Wales was illegal during daylight, for reasons of ‘morality’. This was before swimwear for women had entered the mainstream, and with a lack of seperate-sex changing areas, the exposure of female flesh was deemed too much of an insurmountable problem. Head down to Bondi Beach today and you’ll find no such concerns.

There once existed an Australian socialist colony in Paraguay

Around the same time, during the early 1890s, a band of disenfranchised Australians left their home country while it was in the grips of a recession and established their own communist ‘utopia’ in Paraguay, named New Australia. Defining principles included a ban on alcohol, extramarital sex, and associating with ‘non-whites’. Like many experimental utopias before it, the concept failed in less than two years, and the movement’s leader William Lane relocated to New Zealand where he eventually became editor of the New Zealand Herald.

Australia is huge, obviously

In a manner that’s quite hard to get one’s head around. Nearly as large as mainland USA, as wide as the distance between London and Moscow, with the planet's biggest living structure (the Great Barrier Reef), the world's largest sand island (Fraser Island), and longest fence (Australia’s dingo fence, which at 3,436 miles beats the Great Wall of China); and with so many beaches (more than 10,000) it would take you 27 years to visit all of them for a day.

It’s also one of the world’s most heavily urbanised places

Despite its gargantuan size, the vast majority of its centre is uninhabitable (too arid, too desolate) so more than 85 per cent of Australia’s population congregate in the cities hugging the coastline.

One Australian city has the largest Greek population in the world

… outside of Athens, more Greeks reside in Melbourne than in any other metropolis. Unsurprisingly, there are plenty of excellent Aegean-influenced restaurants in Melbourne that reflect this.

Sheep outnumber locals

Australia has 24.6 million inhabitants at last count (2017), and a very low population density of seven humans per square mile. For context, in the UK, 671 people occupy the same space. There are however, a lot of sheep Down Under, with a 100-million heard count eclipsed only by China (146 million). Ergo, sheep in Australia outnumber people by more than three to one.

Saudi Arabia imports camels from Australia

Saudi Arabia doesn’t have enough camels, and Australia has too many. The desert-dwelling mammals were first introduced during the 19th century as a form of transport, multiplied in admirable numbers (at their peak, there were more than one million of them) and ultimately became a pest to farmers. Australians now cull their free-ranging camels or ship them off to Saudi Arabia, where they meet a similar fate: slaughter, in the latter case for meat.

Australia also sends sand to the Middle East
… which might seem strange, given Saudi Arabia’s desert setting. But a particular variety of 'garnet', plentiful in Australia, is good for sandblasting and pressure-cleaning and is thus exported in large volumes to the Arab nation.
There’s lots of snow, too

The area of Australia that is covered by snow in winter is larger than the area of Switzerland. Situated in the southeastern region, the Australian Alps make up the highest mountain range in the country and, last year, Australian resorts there celebrated the best start to the southern-hemisphere ski season in 18 years.

Only two mammals on Earth lay eggs

Both are found in Australia; the echidna and the platypus. When the platypus was first encountered by Europeans in 1798, incidentally, British scientists were so baffled by its appearance in a sketch, it was assumed to be a joke. English zoologist George Shaw theorised it was a prank, cooked up by the Australians, and when later presented with a carcass that it was merely some sort of rodent with the beak and feet of a duck sewn onto it. In fact, before the arrival of humans, Australia was populated with ‘megafauna’; now extinct animals that included ducks the size of horses and three-metre tall kangaroos.

Emus can’t walk backwards

Neither can kangaroos (of which there are more than 60 varieties), who don’t walk at all, but rather hop. It’s one of the reasons both these Australian endemic species appear on the national coat of arms; to express a sentiment of ever moving forward, never back.

Masterchef is unreasonably important

In 2010, a televised general election debate had to be rescheduled so as not to clash with the TV final of Masterchef. “I can understand the fascination with cooking and eating,” conceded then-Prime Minister Julia Gillard, who was in a leadership race against Tony Abbott.

It has the world's oldest surving civilisation

Australian aboriginal culture is believed to be the oldest on Earth; the continent’s inhabitants have been around for between 40,000-60,000 years. Yet the government has an undeniably checkered past when it comes to their treatment. It wasn’t until 1967 that indigenous people were granted full voting rights in Australia – nearly 50 years after women in the UK won the same privilege.

Australia hosted one of history's most astonishing plane crashes

In 1940, two small planes from the Royal Australian Air Force collided mid-air over Brocklesby, New South Wales. Rather than crash and fall from the sky, they interlocked and landed together safely. When the two Avro Ansons struck one another, one lost its engines but managed to control itself and the plane mangled beneath it using the aircraft’s ailerons and flaps. Remarkably, all four pilots survived the emergency landing.

Australia’s first police force consisted entirely of convicts

Which sort of makes sense, given the nation’s roots as a British penal colony. When, in 1788, it became apparent that the fledgling New South Wales settlement needed a police force, the man in charge, Governor Phillip, assembled what was then coined the ‘Night Watch’. Struggling for manpower, he hired 12 of his best-behaved convicts for the job. Today, the NSW Police Force is one of the largest police organisations in the English-speaking world.

They use classical music to fight crime

In 2013, Knox police in Victoria came up with a novel way to deter yobs from loitering near shopping centres at night: by blasting the likes of Beethoven and Bach from speakers –music not generally to the taste of teenagers. According to the Herald Sun, it actually worked.

Australia is the only continent without an active volcano

While it hosts no active volcanoes, it is home to one of the world's largest extinct ones, the Tweed Volcano, located in northeastern New South Wales and thought to have been dormant for about 20 million years. Why no lava action these days? Due to its position in the middle of the Indo-Australian Plate, mainland Australia doesn't lie over any major geological faults. Some of its external territories, Heard Island being one, does, however, and its volcanoes are active.

The world’s oldest fossils were found in Australia

Stromatolite fossils – the oldest of which are estimated to date back 3.5 billion years – were first found in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Although stromatolites – formed by ancient blue-green alga – continue to develop in certain areas of the world today, they grow in greatest abundance in Shark Bay, where they were first discovered in 1956. Scientific claims in 2017 were made that the world’s oldest fossils in fact have been located in Canada, but this has not been widely accepted as fact.

Australia has the largest property on earth

At a whopping 2.4 million hectares in size, Anna Creek Station is the world’s largest working cattle station; roughly the size of Rwanda and seven times bigger than the largest ranch in Texas. Located in South Australia, near Coober Pedy and the Simpson Desert, it’s home to 9,500 cows – surveyed from light aircraft and rounded up by cowboys on motorbikes.
21.The ‘eight hour work day’ was introduced in Australia Australian stonemasons in 1856 successfully campaigned for a cap on working hours – a world first – that subsequently spread across the world. Finland took on the so-called Eight Hour Day policy in 1907, Germany and Poland in 1918.

Australia once hosted the world’s richest city

When the state of Victoria struck gold in 1851, the economy in Melbourne boomed and for years thereafter, was the richest metropolis on Earth. That’s no longer the case, but Melbourne does consistently score at the top of the charts for the world’s most ‘liveable’ city. This year, the Economist Intelligence Unit’s 2019 ranking, which examines five categories – stability; healthcare; culture and environment; education and infrastructure, in 140 destinations – placed Melbourne second, narrowly behind Austria. Melbourne had previously enjoyed a record run of seven consecutive years at the top.

Football’s greatest victory was won on Australian soil

The record for the largest ever victory in an international football match was snagged in 2002 during the FIFA World Cup qualifier game between Australia and American Samoa. Australia beat their rivals by a staggering 31-0.

The country’s most famous landmark was inspired by an orange

If all the sails of the Sydney Opera House were arranged in their totality, they would create a sphere. Its architect Jorn Utzon says the concept came to him while he was peeling an orange. Utzon’s design was initially rejected by three judges in the 1956 competition, but his entry was picked out by the fourth judge, renowned American architect Eero Saarinen, who declared it outstanding. Mr Utzon beat 232 other entrants to secure the job.

It boasts the world’s safest airline

Qantas, so says the most recent report from AirlineRatings.com. “It is extraordinary that Qantas has been the lead airline in virtually every major operational safety advancement over the past 60 years and has not had a fatality in the jet era,” the company’s editor-in-chief Mr Geoffrey Thomas says of it. Soon, the national flag carrier will make further history when it launches the world’s longest direct flights between London and Sydney.
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2021.07.14 03:00 WOTWUZTHATFinding a Light in the Darkness: Why Caitlin Cooke from '6teen' is My Favorite Character of All Time (Part 2)

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Continued From Part 1...

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NGL this section took too damn long to write...
Alright, first and foremost, I know what you're thinking. 'This shit ain't all sunshine, lollipops and rainbows. She has flaws too, right?' And yes, she does. Me and u/Uglyfense have discussed them before in DMs. Every character needs flairs to be well-rounded, and Caitlin has a few of her own.
One of her main flaws is, well...her standards for guys she wants to date are topsy-turvy to say the least. There's a reason I describe her as a Men's Lady™ - she's a flirter extraordinaire who'll do anything to score a hot dude. But her problem is that she tends to balk at the slightest minor flaw out of some kind of perfectionist ideal...or something. The mind of the Caitlin is a complicated ordeal. XD I can't remember all the screw-ups she's had regarding guys off the top of my head, I mean there are a LOT of 6teen episodes to go over and I drove myself insane enough in the interactions section. But yeah, she's got her issues with guys no doubt. One big example is in 'Selling Out to the Burger Man', where she's basically dating her not-too-attractive boyfriend of the hour for someone to help her do her shopping. XD She basically doesn't take much notice of the guy's obvious attraction to her and generally acts a bit...off towards him, and that's unfortunate. But like I said: every character needs flaws. They help expand on her more than anything - she can't be a goddamn ray of sunshine all the time. 🤣 Yet when the gravy train derails (as Nikki put it), she genuinely feels awful about it and wants to make up for it. It goes to show that when Caitlin knows she's messed up (though she often needs help to realize when she's made a mistake), she'll do anything to make up for it.
Now let's talk about 'Pillow Talk'. This episode is a curious one. The mallrats decide to share their deep, dark secrets with each other at Caitlin's suggestion, with her initially promising to keep the secrets to herself. However, she decides to slip the secrets of her friends to her boyfriend of the moment - discounting herself, of course. Why is this? Well, I think it's part of her own insecurities. She just wants people to think good of her. This sometimes causes her to lose sight of what's important and make some rough mistakes. Things get rougher when her boyfriend gets hypnotized and blabs the secrets to everyone else. Upon finding this out, Caitlin, mortified at her own actions, immediately helps the others see the bright side of their embarrassing moments, telling them just how much they exemplify their best traits (and how Jen has the cutest booty in the mall XD). She soon takes the ultimate L and sends out her embarrassing video to others (and accidentally the whole mall), wanting to even the scale. She wants her friends to feel good about themselves, and doesn't want to feel any larger than they are.
There are other flaws too. She's over-emotional, she's over-reactive, she's slightly egotistical, she's crazy when on her period, shopping is a serious vice of hers ('Losing Your Lemon' proves it), she's UNDOUBTEDLY shallow at times, and she often tends to lose sight of what's really important when she's caught up in her fashionable, boy-crazy world...but she'll do her best to make up for these flaws whenever possible. So yeah, there are two sides to these flaws. Yes, she DEFINITELY has them (don't all characters?). Yes, she has her rough moments. But she'll do anything to make up for them. Because at the end of the day, she's a wonderful, kind-hearted person who loves her friends more than anything. I already mentioned a lot of her kind-hearted moments in the Interactions section, so I won't repeat myself too much. But there are other shining moments from her I love too. And I'm gonna do my best to go over just a few of them.

In 'The Big Sickie', Caitlin tries her best to cheer Jen up when she's grumbling about work. Later, when the mallrats are having difficulty convincing Jen to loosen up and take a break already. Caitlin, just wanting to help, promptly makes herself cry (she used to wanna be a soap opera star XD) and puts on a truly stunning performance in the Penalty Box, and it's enough to convince Coach Halder to give Jen her day off (helped by paramedic wannabes Jude and Wyatt's handiwork).
In 'Breaking Up with the Boss' Son', she's the one to step up and give the idea of driving Jen's annoying boyfriend crazy so he breaks up with the poor athlete.
In 'Deck the Mall', Caitlin does her best to cheer up the other mallrats when Christmas at the mall is driving them crazy, just wanting them to be happy. I'll go into a bit more detail later.
In 'The Five-Finger Discount', she puts up a store policy that allows her friends to take lemonades from the Squeeze without paying. Sure, this is a bad thing in the long run. But it comes out of sheer kindness and love towards the people she cares about.
In 'Employee of the Month', when Nikki is acting totally girly and feminine (aka not like Nikki at all), Caitlin steps in to snap her out of it - even though she's a total girly-girl herself, she knows that's not who Nikki is, and wants her old friend back. 'Okay, it's fun to have you be nice to me, but you're totally freaking me out!'

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In 'The Fake Date', she, noticing Jen's distress at being unable to get her crush to notice her, Caitlin offers to hook her up with a 'fake date' to make him jealous. She just wants to see Jen get the guy of her dreams - she's such a helpful little sweetie!
In 'Awake the Wyatt Within', she gives Jen some guy advice when she's feeling frustrated with Charlie, and sticks by Nikki when Jonesy tries to get back into her good graces, saying 'Nothing overrides a girl's right to her own fashion!'
In the aforementioned 'Losing Your Lemon', when she gets her credit card back, she attempts to leave her lemon-squeezing life behind, especially as Tricia takes advantage of her shopping vice. But the moment she learned what's happening back at the Big Squeeze, with Tricia's doppelgangers taking it over, she rushes back and sends 'em packing!
In 'Welcome to the Darth Side', Caitlin and Nikki team up to hook Darth up with Julie the Wonder Taco girl, even giving him a make-over along the way to help his chances! This is both helping Darth and Julie find love with eachother, and frees Nikki of one of her biggest simps. XD
In 'The New Guy' (one of my absolute FAVORITE episodes), when a washed-up Ron the Rent-a-Cop comes to the Big Squeeze after quitting his job, revealing just how little he has without his mall cop job, Caitlin feels awful for him and reaches out to him, wanting him to find happiness somewhere. This truly exemplifies the kind of attitude Caitlin has - no matter who you are, she cares about you and wants you to be happy. This comes after their whole scuffle over her pumps, bikini and shorts she brought earlier in the episode. It truly is a shining example of Caitlin's pure kindness to everyone.

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In 'Walking in a Retail Wonderland', Nikki is expressing disgust with the idea of going to Acapulco with her parents for the holidays, so Caitlin steps in to appeal to her love for her family, telling her that her parents are planning the trip just for her, and that 'sometimes accepting the gift is the same as giving a gift'. It really showcases just how Caitlin is always thinking of other's happiness, and she's always ready, willing and able to share advice with others to help them find joy.
In 'Lights Out', she does her best to help Jude deal with Starr's sudden shift in appearance and personality to full goth-mode. Once again: SHE JUST WANTS TO HELP!!!
In '2-4-1', once her drama with Vincey and Blakey is past, Caitlin, noticing how Jen had been feeling jealous of her for her ability to scoop up guys with a literal bat of her eyelashes, gives her a few eyelash-fluttering pointers to help her grab boys easier.
In 'Double Date', when Tricia and her lackeys are after Jude, Caitlin stands by her friend no matter what, explaining he was never against the girls, and calls Tricia out on her blatant hypocrisy. It's glorious seeing her stand up to her long-time tormentor!
In 'Kylie Smylie', seeing how upset and frustrated Jen is about not getting the photo-op with the titular popstar, Caitlin asks if her best friend can get a photo-op as well, and also defends Jen when the poor athlete is making herself seem like a stalker. XD

And that's just a few of them. The basic gist is that yeah, Caitlin has her faults. Of course she does. And I'd be an idiot (or a really big simp) to not highlight them to some degree. But she truly does care about everyone, moreso than you might expect. That's the kind of person she is - kind and caring, regardless of who you are. In this world, we need more of those people. The kind of people who care about you no matter who you are and will do anything to make people happy. Her friends are unbelievably lucky to have a ray of light like her in their lives, and there's no wonder there's such mutual care and camaraderie between them (as mentioned in the Interactions section). When you have a friend as wonderful as Caitlin, things look a little brighter in your life.
But before I get too sappy...I swear to god if Caitlin isn't one of the absolute most entertaining characters I ever did see. Seriously, no matter what, this girl gets me laughing and giggling non-stop. This girl plays with fashionable girly-girl tropes in such a way that it leads to killer line after killer line after hilarious noise after killer line. All over the place, she's making fashion references, having humorously exaggerated bawling fits, expressing all sorts of emotions, and generally being just a mountain of fun to watch. I'll use this opportunity to highlight some of her best moments of comic gold...

'You want me to what??? I have to get a JOB??? NOOOOOOOOOOOO'
'When I was seven, I used to have this really heinous orange top.'
'I was so nervous I even knocked one manager's coffee onto his lap ;~;'
'The power of this pink cardigan will now permeate the card and increase the credit limit...'
Jude: And use stupid pet-names like...'rasta-honey-party-munchkin'!Wyatt: Uh...try 'sweetiepoopookins' in a baby voice. We HATE that.Caitlin: Really? Wow. I thought guys thought that was cute.
'I'm like Wolverine's girlfriend!...Actually, Hugh Jackman's really hot, so, that wouldn't be so bad.'
her adorably bad dancing in 'The Girls in the Band' (Jonesy: Just keep her away from me! I don't wanna be the next panda on a stretcher!)
Jen: It's like...if you scoped a perfect one-shoulder top and put it on layaway, and then your best friend ran back to the store and scooped it!Caitlin: *Horrified gasp* Nikki scooped a scope?! Oh, I had NO idea it was THIS serious.
'Hi, can I have you???' (that whole scene of her and Kyle was just *chef's kiss*)
The scenes in 'The Sushi Connection' and 'Unhappy Anniversary' where she REALLY can't handle spicy stuff XD
Caitlin: Yeah, I should get back to work too. I have to dust all the lemons.Nikki: You dust the lemons?!Caitlin: Business has been slow...
ALL OF ANGRY-MODE CAITLIN IN 'ENTER THE DRAGON' JFC
'Why is simu-Caitlin wearing that heinous sweater?!'
'Oh, you play rugby, cool! So, do you play it on like, a big rug?'
'Um, you can put your cargos back on now.'
fucking cradling a zombie's disembodied arm in 'Dude of the Living Dead'
her precious clumsiness in 'Going Underground'
'Thanks to all those step classes I do, I've got the butt muscles of Baryshnikov!' (and when those butt muscles...backfire at the contest 🤣)
Wyatt: Looks like you need these. *hands her the career day slips*Caitlin: sLAMS HER HEAD ON THEMWyatt: Wow. You really did need them.
All the ways she tries to create lemon juice when her blender breaks in 'Awake the Wyatt Within'
'You know what?! I have to go, excuse me...AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA'
The friggin Tricia and her cronies vs Caitlin+Jen catfight in 'Unhappy Anniversary' ('Well, so much for calm and nice...')
'Ooh, are they dark-wash or vintage?'
'I was not gonna let [Ron] put his paws all over my new pumps.'
'I used to think he was so hot, and now, he's just...antler guy! Guys all over this mall are counting on me to find the perfect present. Am I gonna tell them I didn't find it because of some goof in an antler hat?!'
'I HAVE A MULLET, JEN!!!'
'He wasn't THAT cute! And...he had really bad breath!'
Caitlin: It must be hard to always have to talk in a payphone. Why don't you call her on your cell?Jude: Call Australia? Are you crazy? Australia is like, at least...five HOURS away!Caitlin: Yeah, that would cost a lot.
all her moments of boy-craziness with Jen in 'Jonesy's Low Mojo'
'Smarten Up'. The whole episode
'She's right, Jen. We've all seen your boobs.'
'Hey, Jen! It's so normal to see you!'
Her stuffing her face with chocolate in 'Girlie Boys', can relate. Also her screaming in horror when she realizes her weight gain
'Come on, guys, doesn't everyone deserve an eighth chance?'
Caitlin: *gives Wyatt her tacky diamond earrings*Wyatt: Caitlin, I can't wear these!Caitlin: Don't worry, your neck muscles will adjust.
the baleful powers of her eyelash flutter in '2-4-1'
*bursts through a painting of a toilet door* 'Whoops! Modern art. It's so...realistic.'
'Ew, Jen, it's acrylic!'
'I can't believe you're going to decide what's hot and what's not! *eee!* Will you tell me so I can have it first?'
roasting the charity donation clothes in 'Fashion Victims'
'Time for a comatose makeover!'
Jen: Is that an 'I'm still into Serena' moan or a 'My head is smooshed into a plate of fries moan'?Caitlin: Judging from the pitch and timbre, I'd have to say it's a 'Marlowe broke up with me' moan.Wyatt: You're good!
'You need to do a Serena purge. I once knew this guy who was pretty sure he was the second cousin of an Aboriginal shaman...or was it third?'
'Dogs are people too!'
'That better be organic beef, buddy!'
L I P T H I N G Y
'We're like two lemons who pass through the night!'
'Girls bond over things they have in common. Hobbies, music, shopping, clothes, magazines, shoes, accessories, boys...did I mention shoes?'
'Jonesy's so lucky! I wish I was a holiday snowman!'
her attempting to tell Wyatt that Marlowe wants to break up with him with her clothing metaphors in 'Date and Switch'...and his response XD
arguing with Jonesy about the potential Jen-boyfriends in 'Mr. and Mr. Perfect'
Caitlin: What about Caitlin? That's a great name for a girl! Y'know, if she's pretty... Nikki: And if she's NOT pretty? Caitlin: Then go with Bertha or something...
Calling Jude about Jen's mom going into labor...when he's RIGHT NEXT TO HER
Wyatt: I don't think you're supposed to use your cell phone in hospitals. Caitlin: Don't be silly, Wyatt. That's microwaves, not hospitals!
literally everything with her and Emma Jr. in '6 Teens and a Baby'
'Blast from the Past'. Just that episode
'No way! Drums cause bulging veins and unsightly pitstains!'
Caitlin: Careful with my guitar! Wyatt: YOUR guitar? Caitlin: I call her Tinkerbell. HEY, not so rough, bub!
'You shouldn't get so mad. It makes your veins all bulgy and gross.'
'He's really cute! Maybe I shouldn't press charges.'
Jen: *hit by a giant baseball* Caitlin: Ooh! That's what the kiss felt like!
literally all her attempts to ask guys out in 'Role Rehersal'
and all her moments of girly squeeing, bawling and other silliness manage to get a smile out of me in some way.

The comedy in 6teen is just *chef's kiss*
And Caitlin is one of the show's best comedic characters, in my honest opinion. In the many episodes of 6teen, she's able to always crack a smile in me with her silly, girly, ditzy nature. And honestly, that's a huge part of the joy she brings me. There aren't many characters that can make me smile and laugh like Caitlin can. Things have been pretty damn stressful for me as of late, and Caitlin helps bring me up when I'm feeling low with her comedy and positivity. That's a huge part of why I love her as much as I do. (Y'know, if you couldn't already tell...)
Really, 'positivity incarnate' is a great way to sum up Caitlin as a character. A lot of other characters in 6teen take a more realist or cynic outlook, but Caitlin (Jude is also pretty optimism-orientated to a lesser extent) is pretty much the definition of infectious optimism. She's kind, she's friendly, she's positive, she's funny, she's entertaining and she truly cares about others, more than others really give her credit for. Yes, she has her flaws...but at the end of the way, she's always able to make me, and several others, smile. And to me...the fact that she's able to bring me so much joy is something I've come to appreciate from her very much...

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So...it's time I came clean about how I truly connected with Caitlin. I've mentioned many times in this essay how I've been able to relate to Caitlin on a lot of things. And as I just mentioned, she's able to bring me a lot of smiles and laughter in tough times. And right now, it's time I explained myself. Now this section's gonna get a bit heavy, so read with caution. But it's time I got my story straight.
(And just so y'all know, this is based on my own perspective. This is how I feel, completely raw. So excuse me if some of the way this part is written seems rough around the edges.)
The year was 2019. I was in my third year of British college on an art course. Now, as a person on the autistic spectrum, I've always kind of found it tricky to work on my own, so I was assigned a learning support assistant (or LSA) to help me. In my first two years of college, I got a pretty good one who, despite some initial difficulties, no thanks to some anger issues and sensory difficulties that LONG plagued me, I got along great with, and I managed to ace my first art exam in my second year with perfect grades across the board.
Yet...this wasn't good enough for the woman in charge of me. I was working fine the way I was, but she wanted me to work ALL THE HARDER, even though I was very prone to stress and meltdowns thanks to where I am on the spectrum. So...she took away my old LSA and stuck me with a new one, who was the absolute WORST choice. She seemed to disregard my emotions ENTIRELY, telling me off whenever I got agitated, angry or anxious - thus WORSENING those feelings, perpetuating a viscous cycle that she seemed to blame ME for. Oh, and the person in charge of me wasn't of ANY help, acting as if I WAS THE ONE WITH THE ISSUES. AS IF I WAS BEING UNREASONABLE FOR BEING UNABLE TO COPE WITH MY FUCKING EMOTIONS, THUS SLOWING DOWN MY WORK THAT I WAS DOING FINE WITH BEFORE!!! This was proving to grind my self-esteem into the dirt. I was beginning to feel like I was fucking BROKEN or something, like I wasn't good enough for anyone. It fucking demoralized me. I felt like there was something wrong with me...and that's the worst kind of feeling.
So it should come as no surprise that my mood, work ethic, and self-esteem nosedived in 2019. I was getting my self-worth repeatedly beaten down by these two women who saw me as flawed, like I needed fixing, and that I was the bad guy, and I was beginning to believe that they were right. Hell, even my mom thought I deserved better and went in several times to negotiate with them to help them understand me better...but they never fucking listened. Sucks, right? Well...it was around this time that I began watching 6teen. And I connected with Caitlin right away. Her cheerful nature and kind heart was something that helped give me a reason to smile, her humor always managed to get me giggling, and whenever I felt stressed, upset or even self-hateful over my college difficulties, Caitlin's optimism, comedy and ever-loving nature managed to perk me back up. I felt alone and worthless, but in those days, sometimes it helped me to imagine Caitlin telling me 'Don't give up on yourself! You deserve better! You are worth it!' and other similar stuff. Caitlin told me that there was a reason to keep smiling, and she really helped me keep my head up even in the darker hours of my life then.
There was one episode that stood out to me then, and that was 'Deck the Mall'. That episode, in a lot of ways, really helped me come to understand that Caitlin wasn't another one of my usual fixations I had during brief stages of my life - Caitlin was something truly special. In the episode, Caitlin's friends are struggling a lot with the holiday rush, complaining, bickering, all that stuff. However, Caitlin, no matter what, remains positive, trying her best to keep her friends happy in any way she can. Soon enough though, she reaches her breaking point...having a tearful breakdown in the food court, revealing the stress that she was under (having lied about it before), and coming forward about how lucky she finds Jen and Jonesy to be, having spent her childhood as an only child, longing for the companionship that Jen and Jonesy had as kids. In the midst of her meltdown, I felt my heart aching for the lovable blondie, and I felt like I could relate to her feelings of pressure and stress, and how they could erupt at any moment. It's thanks to Caitlin that the teens manage to reconcile after their arguments and blast off to have some fun, forgetting their stresses and anxiety and having the times of their lives...as they should. After all, you gotta make the good times last. That episode truly inspired me to find a light in the darkness and keep my head high - it was an emotionally powerful 22 minutes that touched me and helped me realize that despite how I felt, things WOULD get better. And that's something that truly helped Caitlin solidify her place in my life.
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And as that awful college year drew to a close, despite some final incidents, I managed to keep my head up. It wasn't easy at times, but Caitlin helped me so much. It always helped to think of her whenever I felt really rough, and I always looked forward to being able to see her face and hear her voice again during my college hours. It truly helped me push through to the end of some of my hardest times in my 21-and-a-half years of living. The moment I was out of that year of college, I decided to move forward from college for good. I've been through a lot since then, and I think I'm on a good path now. I won't go into detail (this is getting long as is), but I'm feeling SO much better than I was, and that's all thanks to Caitlin. She, in a lot of ways, changed my life for the better.
Of course, I've had my troubles in recent times as well. That's only natural, I suppose. In my time on Reddit (I won't be naming people here, or going into too much detail), I got involved with a lot of drama in my DMs involving a user that...well, he just was downright problematic. At first, I thought I could trust him. He seemed really friendly and nice, bringing positivity to my chats, and I initially always enjoyed talking to him. But soon...he started acting really off-color. And at first, I thought that he was just feeling rough. I wanted to help him. And he seemed to say stuff that initially proved my gut feeling that something was wrong. But as it turns out...he was lying about all of that. He lied to me, and he lied to my friends. And the longer this went on, the worse and worse it got. He began acting truly erratic, toxic and oftentimes mean, both to me, and to the people I cared about. I still kept that glimmer of hope that he was the same guy I liked all that time ago, that he could return to the way he was, and that he just needed that bit of kindness...but, no. He preyed on my forgiving nature, and he manipulated my kindness, and that led to some truly awful things happening. He managed to take up space in my head and drill into my conscience, and that got some unnecessary moments of self-hatred from me...and that's a way I never wanna feel again.
That was when I was writing all this out still, and the more I thought about it...the more I realized it was a dead ringer for Caitlin's relationship with Tricia. He manipulated me, fucked with my emotions, lied to me and my friends...and fooled me into thinking he was someone I could trust. The realization of that hit me like a ton of bricks. And with that, the episode 'Sweet 6teen' became a truly stunning moment of pathos for me. Caitlin is someone I truly felt more of a connection with, more than I could've ever imagined. I try to keep positivity, I love chocolate, I have a lot of over-emotional tendencies...and now, I've dealt with the same kind of horrible toxicity she has, not once, but TWICE. Once with my toxic college superiors who cut down my self-worth to nothing, and once with that user who manipulated and betrayed me time and time again. So yeah...the more I thought about it, the more I realized I felt a true, deep connection with Caitlin. She'd been down the same road I had been down, and with that in mind, I truly felt she was a part of me.
Yet, Caitlin isn't just someone I can relate to. She's also, in several ways, a role model for me. Now I said before that I know damn well she has her flaws. But right now, that doesn't matter. Because outside of her questionable moments...Caitlin's still a kindhearted, friendly and selfless optimist who is always thinking of others, wanting to help them in their dark hours, and, need I mention, always being an absolute river of positivity. She does have her rough moments, but to me, her optimism is truly touching. I aspire to be able to find a reason to smile, to be able to cheer up my friends when they feel low, and to show kindness to anyone who truly needs it. Not for personal gain or anything, but because we care about people. If we think of others just that little bit more often, show a little more positivity to ourselves and to others, and find a way to have fun with our lives, the world would maybe be just a little bit better.
I'm sorry if this is getting too emotional. But, what can I really say? Caitlin brings out a truly different form of WOTWUZTHAT. All the good times she's brought me, all the things I've learnt from her, all the laughter, all the tears, all the joy...I wouldn't change all of that for the world. Caitlin just means so much to me - she's so much more than others see her as. In my eyes, Caitlin is someone truly special. For all the reasons I mentioned and more, she's done so much for me, and whenever I feel down on my luck, all I do is go back to 6teen and watch even a second of her being her lovable self, and I instantly feel just that little bit better. I know others might think differently, but Caitlin, for all intents and purposes, changed my life. And I wouldn't have it any other way.
To sum it up in just one sentence...
Caitlin is the best thing that's ever happened to me.

https://preview.redd.it/37qyh5mbf2b71.png?width=1920&format=png&auto=webp&s=f2d4431d6386f1fb1c7b019929bdf7d93f75c264
Whew...so that got heavy. And now we can finally wrap this up.
To be honest, just like I was lost on where to begin, I'm lost on where to end as well. I've said my many reasons for adoring Caitlin the way I do - she's amazing in every way to me. Aesthetically, personality-wise, amazing interactions, hilarious, lovable, has some of the best moments...and a true force of emotional positivity in my life when I truly needed it. She's helped me so much, and I seriously don't know where I'd be without her. Just a wonderful, incredible character all around, and a character who's made me realize just how much my life is worth living.
And at this moment, I would like to say...thank you. Thank you to everyone who's followed me on my six months on Reddit so far. Thank you for all the fun I've had talking with y'all. Thank you for all the hilarious memes and jokes we've shared in DMs. Thank you for being there for me when I felt down. And thank you for some of the best time I've had in my life so far. As someone who's always found it difficult to make friends, you guys mean everything to me...the same way Caitlin does. Thank you all SO much.
As always, I'm interested to hear your piece on what I've had to say. I know Caitlin's a pretty contentious character among 6teen fans, so I don't expect everyone to agree with me. But all I know is that Caitlin has just been such a strong force of light and happiness in my life, and even though I doubt anyone feels the same connection with her as I do, I do hope I helped you get a better understanding of this lovable lemonhead than you had before.
I've been through rough times, yes. But ever since I found 6teen, my life has only continued to get better. Because of Caitlin, because of Total Drama, because of Stoked, and because of all the friends I've made on Reddit. And yes, things will undoubtedly get rough again from time to time. Everyone goes through dark moments. That's natural.
But...I'll carry on.
And I'll always, ALWAYS keep smiling.
Because that was what Caitlin taught me. No matter what, there will always be a reason to keep smiling.
And I want YOU to carry on in your rough moments too. I want you guys to be able to find the happiness I did. Whether or not that's thanks to yourself, a character, your family, your friends, or anything in between, I hope you guys find the happiness you deserve.
Thank you so much to my fellow Reddit users...thank you to FreshTV, Tom McGillis and Jennifer Pertsch for bringing me this ray of sunshine...thank you to all the people in my life who helped me face my dark moments...
And thank you, Caitlin. For everything.
So...I guess that's it. I've said my piece well and truly, and now, I must face my future. No matter what happens in the coming days, weeks, months, YEARS even...you can count on me to be there, bringing my usual energy to Totaldrama and all the chats I'm in. This huge undertaking might be behind me, but you can BET that WOTWUZTHAT isn't done. I'll always be around, no matter what! And I can't wait to see what every new day brings us!
Thank you all for taking the time to read this epic essay. I hope it was worth it. And until next time...this is WOTWUZTHAT, saying adios!
We'll carry on!

submitted byWOTWUZTHATtou/WOTWUZTHAT [link][comments]

2021.06.28 17:19 partypastorUnreached People Group of the Week - Eastern Aleuts of Russia

Welcome to another UPG of the Week post! This week I decided to find a people group that was different and fresh so meet the Eastern Aleuts of Russia!
https://preview.redd.it/6f1v4u5ff0871.png?width=350&format=png&auto=webp&s=afd2ab13df7c986c54e272edd695ea47272f4bac
Stratus Index Ranking(Urgency): 55
Climate: The climate of the islands is oceanic, with moderate and fairly uniform temperatures and heavy rainfall. Fogs are almost constant. Summer weather is much cooler than Southeast Alaska (around Sitka), but the winter temperature of the islands and of the Alaska Panhandle is very nearly the same. Climate is characterized by mild winter (- 4°C in February) and cool summer (+ 10.5°C in August) with short intermediate seasons; low precipitation, constantly high relative humidity of air and strong winds
Terrain: Kamchatka Krai occupies the territory of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the adjacent part of the mainland, the island Karaginsky and Commander Islands. It is bounded to the east by the Bering Sea of the Pacific Ocean (a coastline of more than 2,000 kilometers (1,200 mi)) and to the west by the Okhotsk Sea (a coastline of approximately 2,000 kilometers (1,200 mi)).
Kamchatka belongs to the zone of volcanic activity, there are about 300 large and medium-sized volcanoes, 29 of them are active. The largest volcano in Eurasia – Kluchevskaya (altitude 4,750 meters (15,580 ft)). With the volcanic activity associated with the formation of many minerals, as well as a manifestation of hydro geo thermal activity: education fumaroles, geysers, hot springs, etc.
Despite Kamchatka lying at similar latitudes to Scotland, it is mostly subarctic, more continental in the hinterland, and more maritime and prone to monsoons on the coast.
Most of the peninsula is covered with forests of stone birch, while alder and cedar elfin are commonly found at higher altitudes. In central areas, especially in the Kamchatka River valley, widespread forests of larch and spruce can be found. In floodplains, forests grow with fragrant poplar, alder, Chosenia, and Sakhalin willow. In the second tier, undergrowth such as the common hawthorn, Asian cherry, Kamchatka rowan, and shrubs growing Kamchatka elderberries, Kamchatka honeysuckle, meadowsweet, willow shrubs, and many other species.
As for many of the islands, low hills and coniform mountains occupy the most part of the Islands' territory. The highest point of the largest Bering Island is the Steller peak (755 m). The most part of river valleys (except the greatest ones - as a rule formed along fractures) is cut short by a coastal scarp forming picturesque waterfalls 10 - 100 meters high.
Environmental Issues: Kamchatka is the location of the 2020 ecological disaster where many marine life washed ashore dead, presumably from petroleum related spillage somewhere.
Also landfills with hazardous waste, disposal sites, burial sites. If not immediately, then in the future these may cause new problems. Dangerous landfills in Kamchatka and whole Russia should be mapped, checked and reclaimed.
Languages: Russian, Aleut
Government Type: Federal semi-presidential constitutional republic
Population: 500
Beliefs: The Aleut of Russia are only 1% Christian. That means out of the 500 of them, there are roughly only 5 believers.
Traditionally these people worshipped various spiritual forces that they believed could benefit them. They called upon shamans to interface with the spirits.
History: In the 18th century, Russia promyshlenniki traders established settlements on the islands. There was high demand for the furs that the Aleut provided from hunting. In May 1784, local Aleuts revolted on Amchitka against the Russian traders. (The Russians had a small trading post there.) According to what Aleut people said, in an account recorded by Japanese castaways and published in 2004, otters were decreasing year by year. The Russians paid the Aleuts less and less in goods in return for the furs they made. The Japanese learned that the Aleuts felt the situation was at crisis. The leading Aleuts negotiated with the Russians, saying they had failed to deliver enough supplies in return for furs. Nezimov, leader of the Russians, ordered two of his men, Stephanov (ステッパノ Suteppano) and Kazhimov (カジモフ Kazimofu) to kill his mistress Oniishin (オニイシン Oniishin), who was the Aleut chief's daughter, because he doubted that Oniishin had tried to dissuade her father and other leaders from pushing for more goods.
After the four leaders had been killed, the Aleuts began to move from Amchitka to neighboring islands. Nezimov, leader of the Russian group, was jailed after the whole incident was reported to Russian officials.
According to Russian American Company (RAC) records translated and published in the Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, a 200-ton otter hunting ship named Il’mena with a mixed-nationality crew, including a majority Aleut contingent, was involved in conflict resulting in a massacre of the indigenous natives of San Nicolas Island:

In 1811, to obtain more of the commercially valuable otter pelts, a party of Aleut hunters traveled to the coastal island of San Nicolas, near the Alta California-Baja California border. The locally resident Nicoleño nation sought a payment from the Aleut hunters for the large number of otters being killed in the area. Disagreement arose, turning violent; in the ensuing battle, the Aleut killed nearly all the Nicoleño men. Together with high fatalities from European diseases, the Nicoleños suffered so much from the loss of their men that by 1853, only one Nicoleñan remained alive.

Aleut (Unangan) people were transferred to the Commander Islands early in 1825 by the Russian-American Company from the Aleutians for the seal trade. Most of the Aleuts inhabiting Bering Island came from Atka Island and those who lived on Medny Island came from Attu Island, now both American possessions. A mixed language called Mednyj Aleut, with Aleut roots but Russian verb inflection, developed among the inhabitants. Today the population of the islands is about ⅔ Russian and ⅓ Aleut.
In June 1942, during World War II, Japanese forces occupied Kiska and Attu Islands in the western Aleutians. They later transported captive Attu Islanders to Hokkaidō, where they were held as prisoners of war in harsh conditions. Fearing a Japanese attack on other Aleutian Islands and mainland Alaska, the U.S. government evacuated hundreds more Aleuts from the western chain and the Pribilofs, placing them in internment camps in southeast Alaska, where many died of measles, influenza and other infectious diseases which spread quickly in the overcrowded dormitories. In total, about 75 died in American internment and 19 as a result of Japanese occupation. The Aleut Restitution Act of 1988 was an attempt by Congress to compensate the survivors. On June 17, 2017, the U.S. Government formally apologized for the internment of the Unangan people and their treatment in the camps.
The World War II campaign by the United States to retake Attu and Kiska was a significant component of the operations in the American and Pacific theaters.
The 1943 Battle of the Komandorski Islands took place in the open sea about 160 kilometres (99 mi) south of the islands.
Before major influence from outside, there were approximately 25,000 Aleuts on the archipelago. Foreign diseases, harsh treatment and disruption of aboriginal society soon reduced the population to less than one-tenth this number. The 1910 Census count showed 1,491 Aleuts. In the 2000 Census, 11,941 people identified as being Aleut; nearly 17,000 said Aleuts were among their ancestors.
By the late 20th century, the Aleut people were able to start bringing back their traditional ways. This included their subsistence hunting economy and food gathering. Once again, they began to do their crafts and speak their ancient language.
Aleut Hunters c 1885
Culture:Typical qualification that all people groups can't be summed up in small paragraphs and this is an over generalization.
The Aleut constructed partially underground houses called barabara. According to Lillie McGarvey, a 20th century Aleut leader, barabaras keep 'occupants dry from the frequent rains, warm at all times, and snugly sheltered from the high winds common to the area'. Aleuts traditionally built houses by digging an oblong square pit in the ground, usually 50 by 20 feet (15.2 by 6.1 m) or smaller. The pit was then covered by a roof framed with driftwood, thatched with grass, then covered with earth for insulation. Inside trenches were dug along the sides, with mats placed on top to keep them clean. The bedrooms were at the back of the lodge, opposite the entrance. Several families would stay in one house, with their own designated areas. Rather than fireplaces or bonfires in the middle, lanterns were hung in the house.
Customary arts of the Aleut include weapon-making, building of baidarkas (special hunting boats), weaving, figurines, clothing, carving, and mask making. Men as well as women often carved ivory and wood. 19th century craftsmen were famed for their ornate wooden hunting hats, which feature elaborate and colorful designs and may be trimmed with sea lion whiskers, feathers, and walrus ivory. Andrew Gronholdt of the Shumagin Islands has played a vital role in reviving the ancient art of building the chagudax or bentwood hunting visors.
The tattoos and piercings of the Aleut people demonstrated accomplishments as well as their religious views. They believed their body art would please the spirits of the animals and make any evil go away. The body orifices were believed to be pathways for the entry of evil entities. By piercing their orifices: the nose, the mouth, and ears, they would stop evil entities, khoughkh, from entering their bodies. Body art also enhanced their beauty, social status, and spiritual authority.
The Aleut people developed in one of the harshest climates in the world, and learned to create and protect warmth. Both men and women wore parkas that extended below the knees. The women wore the skin of seal or sea-otter, and the men wore bird skin parkas, the feathers turned in or out depending on the weather. When the men were hunting on the water, they wore waterproof parkas made from seal or sea-lion guts, or the entrails of bear, walrus, or whales. Parkas had a hood that could be cinched, as could the wrist openings, so water could not get in. Men wore breeches made from the esophageal skin of seals. Children wore parkas made of downy eagle skin with tanned bird skin caps. They called these parkas kameikas, meaning raingear in the English language.
Russian travelers making early contact with the Aleut mention traditional tales of two-spirits or third and fourth gender people, known as ayagigux̂ (male-bodied, 'man transformed into a woman') and tayagigux̂ (female-bodied, 'woman transformed into a man'), but it is unclear whether these tales are about historical individuals or spirits.
The interior regions of the rough, mountainous Aleutian Islands provided little in terms of natural resources for the Aleutian people. They collected stones for weapons, tools, stoves or lamps. They collected and dried grasses for their woven baskets. For everything else, the Aleuts had learned to use the fish and mammals they caught and processed to satisfy their needs.
To hunt sea mammals and to travel between islands, the Aleuts became experts of sailing and navigation. While hunting, they used small watercraft called baidarkas. For regular travel, they used their large baidaras.
They buried their dead ancestors near the village. Archeologists have found many different types of burials, dating from a variety of periods, in the Aleutian Islands. The Aleut developed a style of burials that were accommodated to local conditions, and honored the dead. They have had four main types of burials: umqan, cave, above-ground sarcophagi, and burials connected to communal houses.
Umqan burials are the most widely known type of mortuary practice found in the Aleutian Islands. The people created burial mounds, that tend to be located on the edge of a bluff. They placed stone and earth over the mound to protect and mark it. Such mounds were first excavated by archeologists in 1972 on Southwestern Unmak Island, and dated to the early contact period. Researchers have found a prevalence of these umqan burials, and concluded it is a regional mortuary practice. It may be considered a pan-Aleutian mortuary practice.

Ask God to create an openness to Christianity within the hearts of Aleut.
Pray that the doors of Russia will soon be more open to Christian missionaries.
Pray that God will send His Spirit to convict the Aleut of their need for the Savior.
Ask the Lord to protect, strengthen, and encourage the small number of Aleut Christians.
Pray that God will give these believers opportunities to share the love of Jesus with their own people.
Ask God to raise up strong local churches among the Aleut of Russia.
Pray for our nation (the United States), that we Christians can learn to come alongside our hurting brothers and sisters and learn to carry one another's burdens in a more Christlike manner than we have done historically.
Pray that in this time of chaos and panic that the needs of the unreached are not forgotten by the church. Pray that our hearts continue to ache to see the unreached hear the Good News.

People Group	Country	Continent	Date Posted	Beliefs
Eastern Aleut	Russia	Asia	06/28/2021	Animism
Al-Muhamasheen	Yemen	Asia	06/21/2021	Islam
Koreans	North Korea	Asia	06/14/2021	Nonreligious
Palestinians	Israel	Asia	06/07/2021	Islam
Kumyk	Turkey	Asia	05/31/2021	Islam
Tujia	China	Asia	05/24/2021	Animism
Jebala	Morocco	Africa	05/17/2021	Islam
Pashtun	Pakistan	Asia	05/10/2021	Islam
Salar	China	Asia	05/03/2021	Islam
Algerians	Algeria	Africa	04/26/2021	Islam
Sasak	Indonesia	Asia	04/19/2021	Islam
Senoufo	Mali	Africa	04/12/2021	Islam/Animism
Drukpa	Bhutan	Asia	04/05/2021	Buddhism
Adi Dravida	India	Asia	03/29/2021	Hinduism
Northern Khmer	Thailand	Asia	03/22/2021	Buddhism
Balinese	Indonesia	Asia	03/15/2021	Hinduism
Central Kurd	Iraq	Asia	03/08/2021	Islam
Brahmin Hill	Nepal	Asia	03/01/2021	Hinduism
Bosniaks	Bosnia	Europe	02/22/2021	Islam
Guhayna	Sudan	Africa	02/15/2021	Islam
Laz	Georgia	Europe	02/08/2021	Islam
Bambara	Mali	Africa	02/01/2021	Islam/Animism
Darkhad	Mongolia	Asia	01/25/2021	Animism
South Ucayali Asheninka	Peru	South America	01/18/2021	Animism
Moroccan Arabs	Morocco	Africa	01/11/2021	Islam
Gulf Bedouin	United Arab Emirates	Asia	01/04/2021	Islam
Sinhalese	Australia	Oceania	12/28/2020	Buddhism
Rohingya	Myanmar	Asia	12/21/2020	Islam
Bosniak	Slovenia	Europe	12/14/2020	Islam
Palestinian Arabs	West Bank	Asia	12/07/2020	Islam
Larke	Nepal	Asia	11/30/2020	Buddhist
Korean (Reached People Group)	South Korea	Asia	11/23/2020	Christian
Qashqa'i	Iran	Asia	11/16/2020	Islam
Saaroa	Taiwan	Asia	11/02/2020	Animism (?)
Urdu	Ireland	Europe	10/26/2020	Islam
Wolof	Senegal	Africa	10/19/2020	Islam
Turkish Cypriot	Cyprus	Europe	10/12/2020	Islam
Awjilah	Libya	Africa	10/05/2020	Islam
Manihar	India	Asia	09/28/2020	Islam
Tianba	China	Asia	09/21/2020	Animism
Arab	Qatar	Asia	09/14/2020	Islam
Turkmen	Turkmenistan	Asia	08/31/2020	Islam
Lyuli	Uzbekistan	Asia	08/24/2020	Islam
Kyrgyz	Kyrgyzstan	Asia	08/17/2020	Islam*
Yakut	Russia	Asia	08/10/2020	Animism*
Northern Katang	Laos	Asia	08/03/2020	Animism
Uyghur	Kazakhstan	Asia	07/27/2020	Islam
Syrian (Levant Arabs)	Syria	Asia	07/20/2020	Islam
Teda	Chad	Africa	07/06/2020	Islam
Kotokoli	Togo	Africa	06/28/2020	Islam
Hobyot	Oman	Asia	06/22/2020	Islam
Moor	Sri Lanka	Asia	06/15/2020	Islam
Shaikh	Bangladesh	Asia	06/08/2020	Islam
Khalka Mongols	Mongolia	Asia	06/01/2020	Animism
Comorian	France	Europe	05/18/2020	Islam
Bedouin	Jordan	Asia	05/11/2020	Islam
Muslim Thai	Thailand	Asia	05/04/2020	Islam
Nubian	Uganda	Africa	04/27/2020	Islam
Kraol	Cambodia	Asia	04/20/2020	Animism
Tay	Vietnam	Asia	04/13/2020	Animism
Yoruk	Turkey	Asia	04/06/2020	Islam
Xiaoliangshn Nosu	China	Asia	03/30/2020	Animism
Jat (Muslim)	Pakistan	Asia	03/23/2020	Islam
Beja Bedawi	Egypt	Africa	03/16/2020	Islam
Tunisian Arabs	Tunisia	Africa	03/09/2020	Islam
Yemeni Arab	Yemen	Asia	03/02/2020	Islam
Bosniak	Croatia	Europe	02/24/2020	Islam
Azerbaijani	Georgia	Europe	02/17/2020	Islam
Zaza-Dimli	Turkey	Asia	02/10/2020	Islam
Huichol	Mexico	North America	02/03/2020	Animism
Kampuchea Krom	Cambodia	Asia	01/27/2020	Buddhism
Lao Krang	Thailand	Asia	01/20/2020	Buddhism
Gilaki	Iran	Asia	01/13/2020	Islam
Uyghurs	China	Asia	01/01/2020	Islam
Israeli Jews	Israel	Asia	12/18/2019	Judaism
Drukpa	Bhutan	Asia	12/11/2019	Buddhism
Malay	Malaysia	Asia	12/04/2019	Islam
Lisu (Reached People Group)	China	Asia	11/27/2019	Christian
Dhobi	India	Asia	11/20/2019	Hinduism
Burmese	Myanmar	Asia	11/13/2019	Buddhism
Minyak Tibetans	China	Asia	11/06/2019	Buddhism
Yazidi	Iraq	Asia	10/30/2019	Animism*
Turks	Turkey	Asia	10/23/2019	Islam
Kurds	Syria	Asia	10/16/2019	Islam
Kalmyks	Russia	Asia	10/09/2019	Buddhism
Luli	Tajikistan	Asia	10/02/2019	Islam
Japanese	Japan	Asia	09/25/2019	Shintoism
Urak Lawoi	Thailand	Asia	09/18/2019	Animism
Kim Mun	Vietnam	Asia	09/11/2019	Animism
Tai Lue	Laos	Asia	09/04/2019	Bhuddism
Sundanese	Indonesia	Asia	08/28/2019	Islam
Central Atlas Berbers	Morocco	Africa	08/21/2019	Islam
Fulani	Nigeria	Africa	08/14/2019	Islam
Sonar	India	Asia	08/07/2019	Hinduism
Pattani Malay	Thailand	Asia	08/02/2019	Islam
Thai	Thailand	Asia	07/26/2019	Buddhism
Baloch	Pakistan	Asia	07/19/2019	Islam
Alawite	Syria	Asia	07/12/2019	Islam*
Huasa	Cote d'Ivoire	Africa	06/28/2019	Islam
Chhetri	Nepal	Asia	06/21/2019	Hinduism
Beja	Sudan	Africa	06/14/2019	Islam
Yinou	China	Asia	06/07/2019	Animism
Kazakh	Kazakhstan	Asia	05/31/2019	Islam
Hui	China	Asia	05/24/2019	Islam
Masalit	Sudan	Africa	05/17/2019	Islam

As always, if you have experience in this country or with this people group, feel free to comment or PM me and I will happily edit it so that we can better pray for these peoples!
Here is a list of definitions in case you wonder what exactly I mean by words like 'Unreached'
submitted bypartypastortoReformed [link][comments]

2021.06.22 07:03 lolpolice88Ensign Teanau Tuiono locks phasers on the American Military Industrial Complex Space Farce Outpost of Rocketlab, at swindled Maori Māhia. USA already nuked Moananui and stole Hawaii, Guam, W Samoa, Phillipines etc. Now they threaten China while setting up shop on top of our moral antinuke efforts.

Colonial Israeli Zionist scumbags have even taken an interest. They've set up a number of sleeper cell entities here. Who can trust Colonial egos pumped full of American Military Industrial Complex Exceptionalism. What's next an American 'War On Space Emptiness'? Who knows? We do know however that they'll murder and abuse anyone, even their own to keep their grand stolen coloniser wealth of a few going. They even pay local white power dropkicks like Damien 'Lumpyballskin' dement to try and stir and distract on their behalf. They certainly don't give a fuck about us.
https://thespinoff.co.nz/politics/21-06-2021/mahia-residents-descend-on-auckland-to-protest-rocket-lab-links-with-us-military/
Protesters gathered at Rocket Lab’s Auckland HQ today in opposition to the company’s work with the US military, while the Green Partyannounced a member’s bill to ban military launches from New Zealand.
Protest songs echoed down a quiet cul-de-sac in Mt Wellington this afternoon, as around 30 people turned out to protest the military work of space company Rocket Lab outside the company’s Auckland headquarters. Green MP Teanau Tuiono told protesters his party would be introducing a member’s bill to parliament to ban the launching of military hardware from New Zealand.
“Rocket Lab has managed to circumvent our international obligations and commitments to peace. This bill will draw a line in the sand,” Tuiono told the protestors.
Rocket Lab has come under increasing pressure in recent months following the launch of a prototype satellite for the US Army in March designed to improve US military targeting capabilities.
A security expert described the launch as putting New Zealand into “the kill chain”, while peace groups issued an open letter calling on the prime minister to intervene. Documents released subsequently under the Official Information Act confirm the satellite “will not be utilised for operations” but will “remain a science and technology demonstration over its lifetime”.,
Those attending the protests included peace activists and locals from Mahia, home to the company’s launch site, such as prominent peace activist and Mahia local Pauline Tangiora, who initially publicly backed Rocket Lab’s activities.
Tangiora told demonstrators she previously had a lot of faith in Rocket Lab CEO Peter Beck, “but I don’t have any faith any more”.
“We oppose Rocket Lab in solidarity with mana whenua who are opposed to the military launches,” said Auckland Peace Action spokesperson Eliana Darroch.
Prior to the demonstration, Auckland University physicist Peter Wills and former disarmament minister Matt Robson met privately with Rocket Lab representatives on behalf of the demonstrators to discuss their concerns. “We made it clear that this is against New Zealand’s independent foreign policy, and integrates us into the United States military chain,” Robson told The Spinoff.
“Rocket Lab told us they could separate out the military from the peaceful uses, and that the military payloads launched to date would not be used for targeting. But our viewpoint is that these satellites are integrated into the whole system, and this undermines our independent foreign policy,” he said.
“As a former minister for disarmament and arms control I am deeply concerned, because my job was to make sure things like this didn’t happen. It’s against both the spirit and the letter of the nuclear free legislation, and also our commitment to the peaceful use of outer space.”

Law change could rule out major Rocket Lab client base

Under New Zealand’s space law, the Outer Space and High-altitude Activities Act, all satellites must be approved by the economic development minister, who is currently Stuart Nash.
The Greens’ proposed amendment would prevent the minister from approving a payload unless satisfied that it does not contain any “military hardware”. The bill defines “military hardware” as “weapons, equipment, machinery, or any other thing intended for use for military purposes by any armed force, paramilitary force, police force, or militia.”
Tuiono told The Spinoff that the bill would rule out payloads such as the Gunsmoke-J. “I would like to stop anything that is going to enable the killing of people in other countries from being launched,” he said.
It could also rule out private intelligence satellites that sell data to US military and intelligence agencies, Tuiono said. Such companies, such as the Peter Thiel backed company Blacksky, are a major customer base for Rocket Lab.
Both Rocket Lab and the New Zealand government have emphasised previously that some military technology benefits society, such as GPS which is operated by the US Air Force. It is not clear whether satellites of this kind would be permitted under the proposed law.
Tuiono acknowledged that some military payloads fell into a “grey area”, saying that he hoped the line would be “teased out at select committee”.
Rocket Lab has worked for US military agencies for over a decade, has received investment from the CIA’s venture capital firm, and has launched payloads for military or intelligence agencies on eight different missions since 2018. Around 30% of Rocket Lab’s business is for defence agencies, according to investment documents.
Most of the military satellites launched by Rocket Lab have been research and development satellites or technology demonstrations, but the purpose and capabilities of some satellites remain secret. The government has also said it expects to approve “operational” military satellites at some point.
Rocket Lab CEO Peter Beck has said on numerous occasions that his company will not launch weapons, and has defended its military work as contributing to New Zealand’s national security. Both Beck and the New Zealand government have argued that military technology also benefits society, such as GPS which is operated by the US Air Force.
Because it is a member’s bill, parliament will only vote to advance the legislation if it is drawn from the ballot. Tuiono says he is unsure of what support the bill might receive from National and Labour, which have both been vocal in supporting Rocket Lab’s activities.
Economic development minister Stuart Nash declined to comment on the protests, but has previously said that he would not approve any payload if he assessed that it would contribute to a nuclear weapons programme.
Rocket Lab has been approached for comment.'
https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/125507240/green-party-wants-to-change-space-legislation-to-stop-military-hardware-rocket-launches
Green Party wants to change space legislation to stop 'military hardware' rocket launches
'The Green Party has drafted a member's bill that would stop companies like Rocket Lab launching 'military hardware' into space.
Green Party MP Teanau Tuiono, the party’s security and intelligence spokesman, announced the proposed legisation and attended a protest outside Rocket Lab’s Auckland headquarters on Monday.
Tuiono said, in a statement, that New Zealand’s space industry should not be “used by military actors to launch weaponry”, and the existing Outer Space and High Altitude Activities Bill had “so many gaps and grey areas”.
“Foreign military powers are literally launching rockets through it ... Launches from Mahia have carried at least 13 payloads for US military or intelligence agencies.
“The Government has a responsibility to make sure technologies sent into orbit from New Zealand soil do not assist other countries' armies to wage war.”
Rocket Lab has in recent launches carried satellites into space for the United State’s National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), the US Army, the Mexico Secretariat of National Defence, and for intelligence firm BlackSky Global.
The payloads have included satellites with imaging equipment, and “an experimental 3U CubeSat that will test technologies that support development of new capabilities for the US Army”. Rocket Lab says it does not launch weapons or payloads which contribute to weapons programmes.
Each launch must be approved by the New Zealand Space Agency, which falls under the Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment, and the minister for economic development can veto a launch if he does not think it meets New Zealand’s “national interest”.
[THE NAME 'NEW ZEALAND' WILL NEVER REPRESENT US SINCERELY]
Tuiono was also critical of the impact of the company’s launches on the Māhia peninsula.
“When we visited Māhia the whānau told us about the absence of local birds and kaimoana and we continue to support the call from whānau for independent cultural and environmental impact assessments.”
Tuiono’s legislation will only be considered by Parliament if drawn from a ballot of member’s bills.
~~Economic Development Minister Stuart Nash told reporters earlier this month that the Government was comfortable with what Rocket Lab, and its chief executive Peter Beck, were launching into space.~~
~~'Peter Beck has been very clear, and we're also very clear, that in order for a payload to go up in one of Rocket Lab's rockets, it has to go through a very thorough test,” he said.~~
~~“Peter himself has always said he will not put up missile systems. My understanding is every payload from the US military has been around R&D [research and development].”~~
~~He said Rocket Lab’s launches were new for Māhia. The peninsula sits within Nash’s Napier electorate.~~
'My understanding is that Rocket Lab are always very free and able to front up to local concerns, they do this, they hold townhall meetings in Māhia, for Māhia residents, and they answer their questions,” he said.
~~“There are always people that have concerns, but my experience with Rocket Lab is they've always been very open in addressing those concerns.”~~
~~A Rocket Lab spokeswoman, in a statement provided to~~~~Stuff~~~~, said the law was strict and barred the launch of weapons.~~
“Rocket Lab does not and will not launch weapons or payloads that contribute to weapons programmes or nuclear capabilities. We are steadfast in this commitment. We agree that New Zealand’s space activity should be safe, sustainable and for the benefit of humanity.
“Billions of people around the world, including Kiwis, rely on defence satellite technology every day. For example, things like Google Maps are enabled by GPS, a satellite system owned and operated by the US Air Force. New Zealand and Australian firefighters also relied on US defence satellites during the Australian bushfire crisis in early 2020 to provide communications for coordinating response efforts on the ground.” [THAT WOULD BE THE DELIBERATE NEGLIGENCE OF THE CORRUPT WHITE COLONIAL AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT AND THEIR EVANGELIST CHRISTIAN PRIME MINISTER SCOTT MORRISION, WHO FUCKED OFF ON HOLIDAY AND LET IT BURN TO CLEAR AWAY STOLEN ABORIGINAL LANDS FOR SCUMBAG ANGLO MINING COMPANY RIO TINTO AND A MASS OF OTHER FOREIGN THIEVING MINING INTERESTS]
Of the 75 payload permits approved prior to March, 41 of these payloads have been for commercial organisations, two for non-profits, 13 for academic organisation, and 17 for government organisations, including other countries’ governments.'

https://www.teaomaori.news/greens-want-rocket-labs-military-launches-mahia-stopped
'Greens Māori MP Teanau Tuiono today launched a member’s bill calling on the government to stop letting US-owned Rocket Lab launch US military technology from the Mahia Peninsula, following concerns from locals who live near the site.
The Green Party’s security and intelligence spokesperson launched his bill at the “Stop militarisation” protest today outside Rocket Lab’s headquarters in Tāmaki Makaurau.
The bill, if it is drawn from the ballot, would amend the Outer Space and High altitude Activities Act and prohibit the launching of military hardware into space from Aotearoa New Zealand.
“This change would ensure that Aotearoa New Zealand’s space industry and its facilities could never be used by military actors to launch weaponry, establishing in legislation an enduring commitment to peaceful conduct in outer space,” Tuiono says.
“The government has a responsibility to make sure technologies sent into orbit from New Zealand soil do not assist other countries' armies to wage war.
“Unfortunately our outer space legislation has so many gaps and grey areas, foreign military powers are literally launching rockets through it.”

None vetoed yet

Tuiono says the Outer Space and High-Altitude Activities Act allows the minister to veto a satellite if it is not in the national interest. However, launches from Mahia have carried at least 13 payloads for US military or intelligence agencies.
“They range from US Special Operations Command, which conducts covert operations around the world, to the launch of Gunsmoke-J in March this year on behalf of the US Army’s Space and Missile Defense Command, which was designed to improve US missile targeting capabilities during combat.
“We are also very conscious of the impact successive rocket launches have on the whenua and moana of Mahia.
“When we visited Mahia the whānau told us about the absence of local birds and kaimoana and we continue to support the call from whānau for independent cultural and environmental impact assessments.'
submitted bylolpolice88toMaori [link][comments]

2021.05.09 17:21 Veritas_CertumBruce Pascoe's 'Dark Emu' (2014) How accurate is this historical account of Australian Aboriginal history?

In my research into indigenous history, I've spent some time attempting to gain an understanding of Australian Aboriginal civilization from approximately 40,000 YBP to colonization. This is the understanding I had established recently, which I used in response to people trying to tell me the Australian Aboriginals never established a civilization.
Even applying a maximalist definition to civilization (and using lower estimate dates), we can date most features of Australian Aboriginal civilization to between 40,000 and 30,000 YBP.

Art and music, from at least 40,000 YBP. [1]
Aquaculture, from at least 40,000 YBP.[2]
Environmental management systems, including use of fire, from at least 40,000 YBP. [3]
Religion and art, from at least 40,000 YBP. [4]
Crop intensification (if not actual domestication), proto-agriculture (if not actual semi-subsistence agriculture), and some form of grain heat processing (if not actual baking), from at least 30,000 YBP. [5]
Settlements, from at least 35,000 YBP. [6]
Record keeping systems, from at least 40,000 YBP. [7]
Regular astronomical observations, from at least 40.000 YBP. [8]

_____________________
[1] George Chaloupka, Journey in Time: The World’s Longest Continuing Art Tradition : The 50,000-Year Story of the Australian Aboriginal Rock Art of Arnhem Land (Reed New Holland, 1999); Josephine J McDonald and Peter M Veth, “Pleistocene Rock Art: A Colonizing Repertoire for Australia’s Earliest Inhabitants” (2010).
[2] Bruce Pascoe, Dark Emu: Aboriginal Australia and the Birth of Agriculture (Scribe Publications, 2018).
[3] Bruce Pascoe, Dark Emu: Aboriginal Australia and the Birth of Agriculture (Scribe Publications, 2018).
[4] George Chaloupka, Journey in Time: The World’s Longest Continuing Art Tradition : The 50,000-Year Story of the Australian Aboriginal Rock Art of Arnhem Land (Reed New Holland, 1999).
[5] Adam Lucas, Wind, Water, Work: Ancient And Medieval Milling Technology (BRILL, 2006), Bill Gammage, The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines Made Australia (Allen & Unwin, 2012).
[6] W. Boone Law, Dawn Cropper, and Fiona Petchey, “Djadjiling Rockshelter: 35,000 14C Years of Aboriginal Occupation in the Pilbara, Western Australia,” Australian Archaeology 70.1 (2010): 68–71.
[7] Adam Brumm and Mark W. Moore, “Symbolic Revolutions and the Australian Archaeological Record,” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15.2 (2005): 157–75; Josephine J McDonald and Peter M Veth, “Pleistocene Rock Art: A Colonizing Repertoire for Australia’s Earliest Inhabitants” (2010); George Chaloupka, Journey in Time: The World’s Longest Continuing Art Tradition : The 50,000-Year Story of the Australian Aboriginal Rock Art of Arnhem Land (Reed New Holland, 1999).
[8] Ragbir Bhathal and Terry Mason, “Aboriginal Astronomical Sites, Landscapes and Paintings,” A&G 52.4 (2011): 4.12-4.16; Papers – Australian Indigenous Astronomy.
You will note I rely to some extent on Bruce Pascoe's work 'Dark Emu' (2014). However, after further reading I found Pascoe's work may not be entirely reliable. It's obviously an important work, sufficiently important that there's an entire website out there staffed by right wing Australian nationalists dedicated to taking it down (I won't link to the site).
Ignoring them, I started looking into the history of the book and attempting to understand the background of the status quaestionis on Australian Aboriginal history. This is my understanding thus far.

In 2010, Australian historian Rupert Gerritsen published 'Australia and the Origins of Agriculture'. It was a scholarly and well researched academic text, providing new insight into the earliest history of indigenous land management of Australia. Its central claim was that indigenous land management practices could legitimately be re-classified as 'agriculture' in at least two regions. This departed from the previous scholarly consensus of indigenous land management being non-agricultural. Gerritsen's work was peer reviewed, and received a generally warm response, with some important caveats and pushback.
In 2011, Australian historian Bill Gammage published 'The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines Made Australia'. This was a popular book for a non-scholarly audience. It took Gerritsen's argument and enlarged it, making even more claims, but providing considerably less evidence for them. This received a very enthusiastic response among the general public, but a more lukewarm response from academics, a number of whom expressed their concerns about Gammage extending his argument beyond the evidence, or described his claims as possibilities rather than demonstrable facts. [1]
In 2014, Australian teacher Bill Pascoe published 'Dark Emu: Black Seeds: Agriculture or Accident?'. This was a popular book for a non-scholarly audience. It took Gammage's argument and enlarged it, making even more claims, and providing a range of sources in support of them. Like Gammage's book this received a highly enthusiastic response from the general public. However, unlike Gammage's book it received less notice from relevant mainstream scholarship, and a few of the responses it did receive expressed concern at the way Pascoe interpreted his sources and represented his evidence. In fact Gammage himself noted several instances in which he believed Pascoe was arguing beyond the support of his own data. [2] One review criticized Pascoe's reliance on secondary rather than primary sources, and his 'over-reliance on the work of the late Rupert Gerritsen'. [3] This is a criticism which other reviews have also leveled.
Additionally, some scholars have pushed back on Pascoe's claim that the evidence he presents has been suppressed by mainstream scholarship. In actual fact quite a lot of it has been cited and discussed repeatedly in academic literature. For example, Pascoe's enthusiastic 'discovery' of 'Aboriginal ovens', is preceded by over 100 years by an account in the Journal of the Anthropological Society of London of 1869, which is literally entitled 'Aboriginal Ovens'.

To what extent is Pascoe's work treated as authoritative or accurate in the current anthropological literature?
__________________________________
[1] Sue McIntyre, “Review of The Biggest Estate on Earth,” by Bill Gammage, Aboriginal History 36 (2012): 185–87; Don L. Hankins, “Review of The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines Made Australia,” by Bill Gammage, Environmental History 17.3 (2012): 653–55; Roderick J. Fensham, “The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines Made Australia,” Australian Geographer 43.3 (2012): 325–27; Timothy Neale, “The Biggest Estate on Earth [Book Review],” Arena Magazine (Fitzroy, Vic).116 (2012): 51.
[2] “Turning History on Its Head,” 24 May 2019, https://www.theaustralian.com.au/weekend-australian-magazine/bruce-pascoe-the-man-behind-dark-emu/news-story/231cefabce2f0103de26b6402fef0e3f.
[3] Michael Davis, “Review of Dark Emu, Black Seeds: Agriculture or Accident,” by Bruce Pascoe, Aboriginal History 38 (2014): 195–98.
submitted byVeritas_CertumtoAskAnthropology [link][comments]

2021.04.13 00:21 littichokaAfter passing resolution that Sarnas are not Hindus, Soren govt in Jharkhand gives further impetus to Missionary-Maoist agenda of isolating tribals by withdrawing all criminal cases against Pathalgadis. By Kumar Harsh, Advocate of Jharkhand High Court

'With the nod of Chief Minister of Jharkhand Sri Hemant Soren for withdrawal of cases related to FIRs lodged against Pathalgadi offenders, an obnoxious statement has been asserted by the incumbent government, which emphasizes on the principle of legitimizing and pardoning the perpetrators of heinous offences. The resolution contemplates withdrawal of cases against Pathalgadi supporters for offences under section 121, 121A, 123, 124A, 385, 302, 376 of IPC and other serious charges, which has been registered against them.
Legitimizing heinous offences under the garb of freedom of speech and expression and old customs has become fashion and forte of the Hemant Government.
Let us examine the custom of tribals performing Pathalgadi and the propaganda of the supporters of Pathagadi before entering into the merits of the argument of withdrawal of cases registered against Pathalgadi supporters.
Aboriginal custom Pathalgadi illustrates of erecting stones plaques on the tomb of tribal people in Jharkhand. The same was performed to pay their homages to the ancestors and also for making and registering important decisions of the family in the said stones. Additionally and more popularly, Pathalgadi were performed in the villages by villagers to demarcate the ownership of the land and also the boundaries of the villages. With the efflux of time, the custom being ancient one, most of the tribals discontinued the customs in wake of modernization and other reasons. In fact, there is no document available on public forum in Jharkhand to recognize Pathalgadi as a custom of tribals. A discontinuation to custom and its usage brings an end to a custom. The co-habitants of village i.e. sadans (local non- tribals) also performed Pathalgadi, only with an idea of demarcation of villages which also has been relinquished by them, a long back.
With promulgation of Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Area) Act, 1995 (PESA Act), misconstruing the provisions of the Act and customs, the soul of Pathalgadi was distorted and re-introduced to fit an oblique political motive by an Voluntary retired IAS officer Late BD Sharma who was charged of serious corruption cases. It is also a matter of fact that neither BD Sharma belonged to tribal family nor a permanent resident of Jharkhand. The distorted version of Pathalgadi does not welcome any outsiders, this person, being an outsider re-introduced a custom which does not welcome outsiders, giving an evil shape to the customs. Isn’t hypocrisy died at that juncture?
In 2017-18, a baptized tribal from Gujarat, Yusuf Purty and his associates pledged also propagated the distorted version of Pathaldadi in order to incite and provoke violence mainly with the sole aim to throw challenge to the sovereignty of the country. The distorted version of Pathalgadi were performed in the districts of Khunti, Seraikella, Singhbhum and many other districts of Jharkhand erecting the structured stone at various villages, inscribing therein that stone creates demarcation and has been laid down in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, reference were made to PESA Act, Schedule V, Article 13(3), Article 19 and Article 244(1) of Constitution of India.
The dictum were that beyond the stone planted for demarcation, only the rule of tribal Gram Sabha shall be followed and in accordance with Article 19(5)(6) of COI, entry of outsiders not having primitive faith shall be prohibited including Central or State authority. The leaders promoted and propagated the idea of destroying the individual identity card, ration card, BPL Card, Bank Pass Book and other documents amongst the tribals. The villagers were compelled to destroy these items failing which there were threatened to be eliminated and socially boycotted, resulting to mass exodus in the affected villages. One who opposed the idea were butchered, murdered and women being raped also. It subjugated the idea of creating their own law, their own Army, their own bank, own judiciary and also their own mechanism to run the system, meaning thereby under the garb of the protection of the Constitution of India the supporters challenged sovereignty of India and attempts were made to destroy the ideals of Constitution of India and create a civil war like situation. It justified killings and rapes on account of violation of Pathalagadi rules.
Few disturbing incidents require its place in this article to understand the ramifications and repercussions of this seditious movement. On 19th June, 2018 five girls were gang raped at Kochang Bazar Tand, Khunti, who came along with Sister Ranjeeta and Sister Vinita of an NGO, ‘Asha Kiran’. An NGO purportedly espousing their cause against human trafficking. These five victims were part of Nukkad Natak Team came to perform and spread awareness against human trafficking. Both Sisters of Asha Kiran went to the school run by R.C. Church and soon after, the five victims were abducted with the aide of Father Alfanso Aind and gang raped.
Furthermore, the victims u/s 164 Cr.P.C. stated that “the wrong doers warned them that since you are agents of the Government and you have violated Pathalgadi rule by entering into the premise, therefore, you all must face the consequences and thereafter they were brutally raped, filmed and their private parts were stabbed by wooden sticks. When the victims came back from the place of incident the Father of the church namely Alfanso Aind threatened them of not disclosing the incident to anyone otherwise they would be eliminated. The incident was condemned by Sri Kariya Munda, then Member of Parliament of the said constituency and former Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha. On 27th June, 2018, the house of Sri Kariya Munda was raided and three police personnel were abducted by the supporters of Pathalgadi. The main accused were Emil Waltor Kandulna, J. Vikash Kora mostly coming from Christian community.
In the case of gang rape committed at Kochang Bazar Tand, the Sessions Court of Khunti vide order dated 8th May, 2019 found guilty and convicted Fr. Alfanso, Johan Jonas Tiru, Junas Munda and three other accused who all comes from Christian community.
In the case of ransacking of house of Sri Kariya Munda, quashing petition was filed by the aforesaid accused, which was dismissed by the Hon’ble Jharkhand High Court vide order dated 22nd July, 2019. Appeal were preferred before the Hon’ble Supreme Court and the matter was taken on 27th January, 2020 and plea has been taken by the accused that the present government has brought an resolution withdrawing all the cases in relation to Pathalgadi. Most of accused hailed from Christian Community.
The Hemant Government announced of withdrawing of criminal cases related to Pathalgadi movement and within a fortnight i.e. on 19th January, 2020, seven tribal villagers were beheaded and brutally murdered by Pathalgadi supporters for opposing their idea of Pathalgari in Burugulikela village of West Singhbhum district. On 23rd February, 2021 Pathalgadi bid was made outside Jharkhand High Court premises by as many as hundred supporters, however, the same were stopped by police personnels. The stone erected stated that 12 districts including the State capital Ranchi comes within Scheduled Area and executive power of State of Jharkhand does not extend to scheduled area and therefore, there is no right to freedom for general public in these scheduled areas and the law of the Gram Sabha shall be followed.
Going into the old rituals and customs of performing Pathalgadi one can understand that the same was performed by the tribals for demarcation of ownership of their land and their villages. It was also utilized for paying homages and respects to their ancestors. Preserving and protecting the rituals and customs of the tribals is also an essence of the Constitution which cannot be denied, however, giving a complete misinterpretation to the old forgotten customs and the constitutional provisions, a challenge has been thrown to the sovereignty of the nation. Even going by the idea of these purported supporters of Pathalgadi one would decipher that Pathalgadi is performed to preserve and protect the culture of the tribals, then how would the Church and missionaries come within the purview of the culture of the tribals and are to be referred as primitive culture? Since, churches and missionaries are alien and not a subject matter to the customs and traditions of tribals.
Interestingly most of the supporters are Christians and a culture alien to the land is not being opposed by the Pathalgadi supporters, which itself indicates that missionaries are working hand in gloves in creating a civil war like situation in State of Jharkhand? The Soren Government who has tasted the success in 2019 Assembly elections had the fortune and support of these Pathalgadi supporters who has nexus with missionaries and Maoists. The whole idea behind Pathalgadi is to throw challenge to the sovereignty of the nation. The act of withdrawing these contemptuous and seditious cases which are heinous in nature and runs from abducting police personnel to ransacking house of public representative to gang rape and gruesome murder would be pardoned with a stroke of signature of the Chief Minister. However, the conscious application has to be made by the Public Prosecutor and superintendence decision has to be taken by the Sessions court u/s 321 of Cr.P.C. The cases which cannot be compounded/ compromised under Section 320 Cr.P.C are withdrawn, under what authority of law?
In assessment, I find substance in suggesting that Pathalgari movement was an alternative attempt of resurgences to Maoist movement, on account of success of anti-maoist operation. Huge funds were pumped in, with unknown source of income. Ideally, Maoist and Missionary funds were diverted to ignite the movement.
In conclusion, it is pertinent to refer the recent constitutional bench judgment of Hon’ble Supreme Court observed in Chebrolu Leela Prasad Rao vs State of A.P., the power guaranted under the provision to Fifth cannot override the fundamental rights of other citizen. So what were the reasons to misconstrue and misinterpret the provisions of the Constitution to suit the version of seditious act? Law not being a general subject, question must be asked as who were behind erecting the stones mentioning provisions of law? No to demean anyone, it is nearly impossible for general rural masses to mention the law, leaving behind giving interpretation of law.
In withdrawal of criminal cases, the dictum of Sheo Nandan Paswan case passed by the Hon’ble Supreme Court, has not been followed by the State Government. The power of withdrawal of criminal under Cr.P.C has been entrusted into the wisdom of Public prosecutor and not the Government per see. The withdrawal of cases seems more of a political stunt than anything more. It is worthwhile to mention that more than 1800 cases of rape have been registered in the reign of Soren Government. I would not be surprised if the present government also withdraws these cases. With the decisions of withdrawal, bloods are on the hands of Soren Government. The victims will never forgive the present regime.'
Copied verbatim from:
https://myvoice.opindia.com/2021/04/pathalgadi-custom-or-a-political-tool/

submitted bylittichokatoIndiaRWResources [link][comments]

2021.04.04 07:19 Pretty_iin_PinkAustralia: 0 new local cases; 756,000+ vaccines in total (4-Apr-2021) 🇦🇺💪

Australia reported 0 new local cases and 6 new overseas cases today (i.e., Qld, NSW, SA, WA; see table below).
An additional 1,948 vaccinations have also been recorded today (no updates Federal Aged Care or from GP/Respiratory Clinics)
In total, over 756,000 vaccine doses have been administered in Australia

Locally acquired	HQ/Overseas	TOTAL
ACT	🍩	0	0
Queensland	🍩	1	1
New South Wales	🍩	1	1
Northern Territory	🍩	0	0
South Australia	🍩	1*	1
Tasmania	🍩	0	0
Victoria	🍩	0	0
Western Australia	🍩	3	3
TOTAL	🍩	6	6

SA case: Child who recently returned from overseas and is considered to have an old infection. The case has been added to today’s case numbers as they have not been diagnosed and counted overseas.)

Last locally acquired case	Date
Northern Territory	Never	-
Tasmania	324	15-May-2020
ACT	269	9-July-2020
South Australia	132	23-Nov-2020
Western Australia	62	1-Feb-2021
Victoria	37	26-Feb-2021
NSW	3	1-Apr-2021
Queensland	1	3-Apr-2021

For more information about the COVID-19 vaccine in your state or territory, see the following links:ACTNSWNTQLDSATasVicWA

https://preview.redd.it/kpkytzk913r61.jpg?width=2078&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=4cd1de5edd1e9161b30ea2f774930a8730de1631

State	Doses administered	Reported Today	Doses per 100 population
Victoria	116234	247	1.74
NSW	126494	1299	1.55
Queensland	88282	34	1.71
WA	56872	223	2.14
SA	28759	145	1.63
Tasmania	15077	0	2.79
ACT	12430	0	2.88
NT	8277	0	3.36
Federal Residential Care	105000	0	-
GP/Respiratory Clinics	198958	0	-
Australia	756,383	1,948	2.94

Notes:

Data current at 13:51 AEST
Vaccination statistics are approximate. Not all states/Fed Gov provide daily vaccination statistics.
Each person requires two doses to be fully vaccinated.
The 'Reported Today' column is the increment in reported/estimated vaccinations since yesterday. It may be different to the number of vaccinations administered in the corresponding 24hr period.

https://preview.redd.it/k5aebgxz03r61.jpg?width=528&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=7766c3a5ee251bb59435a8abe4ec7ac549f61acc

National COVID-19 information; Factsheets
How COVID-19 vaccines will be distributed

submitted byPretty_iin_PinktoCoronavirusDownunder [link][comments]

2021.04.03 05:56 chesscAustralia: 1 new local case; +3418 vaccinations on Good Friday, 753,000+ in total (3-Apr-2021)

Australia reported 1 new locally acquired cases today in Queensland. The new case was a contact of a previous case
~~3418~~ 4681 additional vaccinations have been recorded today so far (no updates Federal Aged Care or from GP/Respiratory Clinics)
A total of over 753,000 vaccine doses have been administered in Australia
There were 6 new overseas cases recorded today

National COVID-19 update today, 3rd of April 2021

Locally acquired	HQ/Overseas	TOTAL
Queensland	1	2*	2
NSW	🍩	3	3
Northern Territory	🍩	1	1
South Australia	🍩	0	0
Western Australia	🍩	0	0
Victoria	🍩	0	0
Tasmania	🍩	0	0
ACT	🍩	0	0
TOTAL	1	6	7

* Queensland reported 2 historic overseas cases
Days since last locally acquired case as at 3rd of April 2021

Last locally acquired case	Date
Northern Territory	Never	-
Tasmania	323	15-May-2020
ACT	268	9-July-2020
South Australia	131	23-Nov-2020
Western Australia	61	1-Feb-2021
Victoria	36	26-Feb-2021
NSW	2	1-Apr-2021
Queensland	0	3-Apr-2021

State	Vaccine Information Page
ACT	COVID-19 vaccine
New South Wales	COVID-19 vaccination in NSW
Northern Territory	COVID-19 Vaccinations
Queensland	COVID-19 vaccine
South Australia	COVID-19 vaccinations
Tasmania	COVID-19 Vaccination
Victoria	Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine
Western Australia	Information about the COVID-19 vaccination in WA

State	Doses administered	Reported Today	Doses per 100 population
Victoria	115987	910	1.73
NSW	125195	850	1.53
Queensland	88248	1263	1.71
WA	56649	312	2.13
SA	28614	277	1.62
Tasmania	15077	0	2.79
ACT	12430	1069	2.88
NT	8277	0	3.36
Federal Residential Care	105000	0
GP/Respiratory Clinics	198958	0
Australia	754,435	4,681	2.94

Notes:

Vaccination statistics are approximate. NSW and Federal government are not providing daily vaccination statistics
Each person requires two doses to be fully vaccinated
The 'Reported Today' column is the increment in reported/estimated vaccinations since yesterday. It may be different to the number of vaccinations administered in the corresponding 24h period.
Data current at 13:53 AEDT

Chart: Vaccinations by state

COVID-19 vaccines: News and information for Australians about the development, approval process and plans for COVID-19 vaccines.

submitted bychessctoCoronavirusDownunder [link][comments]

2021.04.02 07:21 chesscAustralia: 1 new local case; +26,366 vaccinations, 736,000+ in total (2-Apr-2021)

Australia reported 1 new locally acquired cases today in Queensland
26,366 additional vaccinations have been recorded today so far (no updates Federal Aged Care or from GP/Respiratory Clinics)
A total of over 736,000 vaccine doses have been administered in Australia
There were 11 new overseas cases recorded today

National COVID-19 update today, 2nd of April 2021

Locally acquired	HQ/Overseas	TOTAL
Queensland	1	7	8
South Australia	🍩	2	2
Northern Territory	🍩	2	2
Western Australia	🍩	0	0
NSW	🍩	0	0
Victoria	🍩	0	0
Tasmania	🍩	0	0
ACT	🍩	0	0
TOTAL	1	11	12

Days since last locally acquired case as at 2nd of April 2021

Last locally acquired case	Date
Northern Territory	Never	-
Tasmania	322	15-May-2020
ACT	267	9-July-2020
South Australia	130	23-Nov-2020
Western Australia	60	1-Feb-2021
Victoria	35	26-Feb-2021
NSW	1	1-Apr-2021
Queensland	0	2-Apr-2021

State	Vaccine Information Page
ACT	COVID-19 vaccine
New South Wales	COVID-19 vaccination in NSW
Northern Territory	COVID-19 Vaccinations
Queensland	COVID-19 vaccine
South Australia	COVID-19 vaccinations
Tasmania	COVID-19 Vaccination
Victoria	Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine
Western Australia	Information about the COVID-19 vaccination in WA

State	Doses administered	Reported Today	Doses per 100 population
Victoria	115077	7555	1.72
NSW	124345	6956	1.52
Queensland	87220	7686	1.69
WA	56337	2855	2.12
SA	28337	1314	1.60
Tasmania	15077	0	2.79
ACT	11361	0	2.64
NT	8277	0	3.36
Federal Residential Care	100000	0
GP/Respiratory Clinics	190391	0
Australia	736,422	26,366	2.87

Notes:

Vaccination statistics are approximate. NSW and Federal government are not providing daily vaccination statistics
Each person requires two doses to be fully vaccinated
The 'Reported Today' column is the increment in reported/estimated vaccinations since yesterday. It may be different to the number of vaccinations administered in the corresponding 24h period.
Data current at 15:25 AEDT

Chart: Vaccinations by state
Chart: Vaccinations per capita

COVID-19 vaccines: News and information for Australians about the development, approval process and plans for COVID-19 vaccines.

submitted bychessctoCoronavirusDownunder [link][comments]

2021.04.02 07:19 chesscAustralia: 1 new local case; +26,366 vaccinations, 736,000+ in total (2-Apr-2021)

Australia reported 1 new locally acquired cases today in Queensland
28,366 additional vaccinations have been recorded today so far (no updates Federal Aged Care or from GP/Respiratory Clinics)
A total of over 736,000 vaccine doses have been administered in Australia
There were 9 new overseas cases recorded today

National COVID-19 update today, 2nd of April 2021

Locally acquired	HQ/Overseas	TOTAL
Queensland	1	7	8
South Australia	🍩	2	2
NSW	🍩	0	0
Western Australia	🍩	0	0
Northern Territory	🍩	0	0
Victoria	🍩	0	0
Tasmania	🍩	0	0
ACT	🍩	0	0
TOTAL	1	9	10

Days since last locally acquired case as at 2nd of April 2021

Last locally acquired case	Date
Northern Territory	Never	-
Tasmania	322	15-May-2020
ACT	267	9-July-2020
South Australia	130	23-Nov-2020
Western Australia	60	1-Feb-2021
Victoria	35	26-Feb-2021
NSW	1	1-Apr-2021
Queensland	0	2-Apr-2021

State	Vaccine Information Page
ACT	COVID-19 vaccine
New South Wales	COVID-19 vaccination in NSW
Northern Territory	COVID-19 Vaccinations
Queensland	COVID-19 vaccine
South Australia	COVID-19 vaccinations
Tasmania	COVID-19 Vaccination
Victoria	Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine
Western Australia	Information about the COVID-19 vaccination in WA

State	Doses administered	Reported Today	Doses per 100 population
Victoria	115077	7555	1.72
NSW	124345	6956	1.52
Queensland	87220	7686	1.69
WA	56337	2855	2.12
SA	28337	1314	1.60
Tasmania	15077	0	2.79
ACT	11361	0	2.64
NT	8277	0	3.36
Federal Residential Care	100000	0
GP/Respiratory Clinics	190391	0
Australia	736,422	26,366	2.87

Notes:

Vaccination statistics are approximate. NSW and Federal government are not providing daily vaccination statistics
Each person requires two doses to be fully vaccinated
The 'Reported Today' column is the increment in reported/estimated vaccinations since yesterday. It may be different to the number of vaccinations administered in the corresponding 24h period.
Data current at 15:25 AEDT

Chart: Vaccinations per capita

COVID-19 vaccines: News and information for Australians about the development, approval process and plans for COVID-19 vaccines.

submitted bychessctou/chessc [link][comments]

2021.04.01 19:55 Veritas_CertumThe black pygmy genocide narrative a pseudo-history with a dark secret

Introduction
This post examines the black pygmy genocide history, as it is found in Taiwan, Australia, and New Zealand. The black pygmy genocide narrative has these elements.

Black pygmy people as original indigenes
Extermination by later immigrants
Later immigrants become known as indigenous
Black pygmy history lost in colonial era
Indigenous traditions preserve historical memories of black pygmies
Modern recovery of original black pygmy history

It is extraordinary that this same historical narrative is found in all three countries. It is also extraordinary how many people believe it, despite the fact that it's false in all three cases.
For those who prefer video, here are two videos covering the content of this post.
Taiwan's black pygmy genocide
The case of Taiwan provides a clear example of the black pygmy genocide narrative. The paper “Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms of the Saisiyat Indigenous Group of Taiwan, Search for a Negrito Signature”, published in 2019 by Chen et al., notes that “while the physical appearance of Negritos has never been seen in Taiwan, few Taiwan Mountain tribes, such as the Saisiyat and the Atayal tribes, have conserved folktales inferring prehistoric co-habitation with them”. [1]
The paper also says that most Taiwanese tribes “have kept folktales and myths that relate to past contacts with Negritos”, citing the Saisyat people’s bi-ennial Pas-ta-ai festival, commemorating a group of people recorded as “short-statured, dark-skinned and frizzy-haired and have the same anthropometric characteristics as Negritos in the Philippines”. [2] Chen et al. also comment that “most Taiwan Mountain tribes have kept folk tales describing past contacts with Negrito groups”. [3]
The historical significance of this group of people is explained in an article on the Reuters news network, entitled “Negritos’ Celebrated as Early Taiwan Settlers”. [4] The article says “These dark-skinned people are believed to be ethnically similar to Negritos”, who are “believed to be among the oldest settlers in the island”. This is the article’s key point, that these black pygmy people were the original inhabitants of Taiwan, predating the people now referred to as Taiwan’s aboriginal population.
Michael Stainton, Research Associate of York University, describes how Taiwanese anthropologists recovered the history of these black pygmy people during the 1980s, writing “The anthropologists appealed to archaeological record that there had been other peoples in Taiwan since the Palaeolithic age”. [5] He also cites the Saisyat people’s biennial commemoration of their historical memory that “their ancestors had destroyed a race of small people”. Stainton explains that “This putative Negrito race, the anthropologists argued, were the real “aboriginal” people of Taiwan”.
So what happened to these original inhabitants of Taiwan? According to the oral history of the indigenous Saisyat people, they were exterminated by later migrants. In fact the Saisyat people believe they were responsible for their final extinction. The Reuters article cited previously says “Those who know the legacy best in Taiwan belong to an existing aboriginal group that killed what they believe to be the last village of Negritos in a battle over women 1,000 to 2,000 years ago”. [6] This is Taiwan's black pygmy genocide.
Other indigenous groups in Taiwan support this narrative. The Reuters article says “Taiwan’s Council of Aboriginal Affairs quietly acknowledges the dark-skinned tribe”. [7] An article published in 2010 on the Taiwan Today news website says that the oral history of the Paiwan tribe records a location which was “the last habitat of the Negrito people before they vanished from the island centuries ago”. The article goes on to say “The reason for their disappearance remains unknown, with some believing that Paiwan tribesmen who moved into the area killed them off”. [8]
However, the history of these black pygmy people was eclipsed after Taiwan was colonized, first by the Han Chinese, then by the Japanese, and then again by the Han Chinese. Consequently the Reuters article cited previously says that historians in Taiwan “seldom mention a group of short, dark-skinned people who are believed to be among the oldest settlers in the island”. [9] The article quotes an oral history student saying “Most people don’t know, as this is passed on by word of mouth”, and adding “It’s a precious piece of history that should be studied”. [10]
Australia's black pygmy genocide
In 1896, an anonymous article entitled “The Ethnology of the Australian Blacks”, published in the Australasian Anthropological Journal, proposed that Australia’s first indigenous population was a group of black pygmies who had migrated from South East Asia.
In support of his claim, the author cited the nineteenth century French biologist Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau, to whom he referred as “an anthropological specialist”. He quoted de Bréau writing “the dwarfs or Negritos in early times occupied much more of Asia and Africa than in later times, being killed in Africa by the Negroes, and in Asia they were killed by the Papuans”. [11]
The anonymous author then noted that this agrees with his own theory that “the Negritos were the first to pass from the locality that is now the Indian Ocean, as he shows, into Africa and Asia, and as we find proof into Indonesia and Australasia”. He also claimed that subsequently, Papuan people entered both Indonesia and Australasia, and “there many of the Negrito men were killed by them”, saying that the women were spared as wives, and that these pygmy people became extinct as a result. [12]
Finally he asserted that the last remnants of this black pygmy people in Australia, who were supposedly “only four feet nine inches high”, were found in Queensland, the second largest state in Australia, on the continent’s north east. [13]
This account appears to be the first instance of the clam that the original inhabitants of Australia were a black pygmy people, who were displaced by black Papuan people, who entered Australia, exterminated the black pygmies, and became the Australian Aboriginal people who have occupied the continent ever since. In particular, this seems to be the earliest instance of the assertion that the last members of this extinct pygmy people in Australia had been located in Queensland.
In 1899 this view received further support from Australian Aboriginal oral history. John Matthew’s book Eaglehawk and Crow a Study of the Australian Aborigines Including an Inquiry into Their Origin and a Survey of Australian Languages, sought to identify the origin of the Australian Aboriginals through a close reading of their own cultural narratives.
His analysis of the Australian Aborigines own oral history provided substantial evidence for the theory of an original black pygmy people as the first human inhabitants of Australia, who were displaced by a later group of larger and stronger people of Papuan origin, who colonized Australia, exterminated the pygmies, and became the Australian Aboriginals.
During the 1930s this theory received even greater support from the work of anthropologists Norman Tindale and Joseph Birdsell, who identified what they believed was a group of pygmy people living in Northern Queensland, who were ethnically distinct from the Australian Aboriginal population. Professor Russell McGregor, former lecturer in history at James Cook University in Australia, explains that Tindale and Birdsell believed this group of pygmy people were “relicts of the first human occupants of Australia, refugees from later waves of Aboriginal invaders who seized all but the most inhospitable parts of the continent”. [14] McGregor describes Tindale and Birdsell’s claim that “the diminutive Negritos had been pushed aside by two later waves of physically larger Aboriginal invaders”. [15]
This theory was readily accepted by Australian and European historians, since as McGregor observes, “the successive waves of invaders model of territorial occupation was one with which European people were familiar”. He notes that historians “knew it applied to the past of Europe itself, as well as Asia and Africa”, so it was not difficult for them to conclude it applied to Australia as well. Indeed, in the case of Australia it could not be ignored that this history had a very recent counterpart in the experience of the Australian Aboriginals themselves, who were displaced, suppressed, and almost exterminated when the continent was colonized by the English. Consequently, this historical interpretation became accepted in academic circles.
Aotearoa's (New Zealand's) black pygmy genocide
New Zealand historian James Belish describes this as a “belief in a pre-Maori New Zealand people, called the Moriori, or Maruiwi”, who he says were “shorter, darker and inferior to the Maori newcomers, who exterminated or assimilated them”. He cites the late eighteenth century as the origin of the earliest forms of this narrative, which he says had its roots in “Pan-Pacific prototypes”. [16]
Michael Belgrave, professor of history at Massey University in New Zealand, explains that this narrative says that upon arriving in Aotearoa the Maori’s “superior level of civilization” enabled them to overpower the Moriori very quickly, so that “only remnants escaped annihilation or absorption by fleeing to the Chatham Islands”. [17]
As with the Taiwan black pygmy narrative, the proposal that the Moriori were Aotearoa’s original inhabitants drew support from indigenous oral histories. Clayworth notes that different Maori people held a variety of views on their own history, saying “Some held that their ancestors arrived to an empty land, while others believed there were other groups already here when their own ancestors arrived”. [18]
As the narrative goes, the Maori displaced the Moriori people from the main island of Aotearoa, forcing them to the nearby Chatham Islands. However, later the Maori followed them there, and staked a claim on this region as well. Professor Richard Boast of the University of Wellington in New Zealand, quotes first hand historical accounts of the event, including the record of chief Toenga, dated to 1870. Toenga describes how he led his tribe to the Chatham Islands, and “took possession according to ancient custom”, saying that some of the inhabitants fled, while others “we killed according to the ancient customs”. [19]
This historical event became part of the black pygmy narrative in modern New Zealand. The Moriori of the Chatham Islands were identified as the short, dark skinned people who were the original inhabitants, and the Maori as the lighter skinned, larger, and more powerful people who colonized Aotearoa, invaded the Chatham Islands, and exterminated the Moriori. Clayworth writes that by the early twentieth century this view “had become the orthodox view of the past” among European settlers of Aotearoa, and “held sway from the 1910s until at least the 1960s”. [20]
In recent years, the events on Chatham Island have been interpreted from an even more uncomfortable perspective. In 2015 Doctor André Brett, Honorary Fellow in History of the University of Wellington in New Zealand, wrote a paper arguing “Moriori were victims of genocide”, and that “Genocide scholars have not engaged with the killing of the Moriori people”. [21]
Debunking the myth
So much effort has been put into maintaining the myth, that it looks incredibly convincing in all three cases. In reality, academics have long since debunked each version of it.
In Taiwan, the black pygmy genocide myth cannot be traced back earlier than 400 years, even in the oral histories of the current indigenous people, who have a documented occupancy of Taiwan around 7,000 years old. [22] No physical evidence for any black pygmy people has ever been found anywhere in Taiwan. [23] Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals a Negrito signature in the Philippines and elsewhere in East Asia, but not in Taiwan. [24]
In Australia, the black pygmy genocide myth cannot be traced back earlier than the accounts of nineteenth century colonizers, and even then the references are scant and vague. [25] Early colonizers typically mentioned seeing large people, not small. [26] Archaeological evidence demonstrating the Australian Aboriginals have occupied the continent for at least 40,000 years, buried the myth of a pre-Aboriginal occupancy by black pygmies. [27] The original migration model on which this myth is based, is now 'defunct and no longer worth considering'. [28]
In New Zealand, the black pygmy genocide myth was debunked as early as 1859, and again in 1923. [29] Although it is true the Maori people committed a genocide against their Moriori neighbors, the Moriori were not an ancient pre-Maori pygmy people, but other Pacific Islander people (of regular height), who arrived around the same time as the Maori. Despite the attempt to exterminate them, their descendants are still alive, [30] and it is totally clear they are not pygmies. There is no evidence for a pre-Maori black pygmy people who were exterminated by the Maori. [31]
Why the myth was constructed
In all three cases, this pseudo-history was supported by colonizer governments and their pet historians, for political purposes. In each case the government argued that if the current people calling themselves indigenous had actually just been earlier colonizers who annihilated the real indigenous people, then they were not entitled to land rights, or other claims on the basis of indigenous status. This also tacitly justified colonizing them and dispossessing them of the land; after all, it was never theirs in the first place.
In Taiwan the government used this myth to deny the indigenous people their rightful status until almost the end of the twentieth century. Anthropologist Michael Stainton records that Taiwan's government used the myth to justify the subordination of Taiwan’s aboriginal people and withholding of their land rights, by claiming that they were not truly indigenous. [32]
In Australia the myth has been used to argue that the Australian aboriginals are not the original inhabitants, are consequently not indigenous, and are therefore not entitled to the status and land rights of indigenous people. [33] Writing in the online magazine IndigenousX, Aboriginal Australian and Wirlomin Noongar woman Claire Colman points out that once this argument is taken seriously, the English colonizers become “merely the most recent arrivals of multiple overlapping invasions”, and consequently Australia’s Aboriginal people “are not deserving of land-rights because we invaded someone else; the people here before are the one’s deserving of land rights but they are all dead”. [34]
Incredibly, this claim is still being made in Australia, even that the highest levels of government. As recently as 2015, Senator David Leyonhjelm, a self-described libertarian, objected to the wording of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (Sunset Extension) Bill 2015, which formally identified the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders as Australia’s first inhabitants. [35]
In New Zealand, this narrative has also been weaponized in attempts to deny Aotearoa’s aboriginal people, the Maori, their true status as both indigenous, and the original inhabitants of the land.
Writing in the online magazine The Spinoff, Dr Keri Mills of the Auckland University of Technology in New Zealand poses the question “why do so many people believe the Moriori were a pre-Māori people living in Aotearoa that were wiped out by Māori?”, before supplying the answer that “this story was taught as history in New Zealand schools for most of the 20th century”. [36]
Mills cites historian Kerry Howe explaining that the Moriori myth was used very early by European colonizers “to justify what they saw as the imminent extinction of Māori, and excuse themselves from blame for it”, arguing “The story of the extinction of Moriori at the hands of Māori was another example of a “natural” process of a stronger race replacing a weaker one”. As Howe describes it, once the colonizers had interpreted the Moriori’s destruction at the hands of the Maori as part of a natural evolutionary process, it was easy to justify the Maori’s displacement and elimination at the hands of Europeans as simply another instance of this same natural process. [37]
Peter Clayworth explains how this was used as an apologetic for the European invaders of Aotearoa, who, so the colonizer narrative claimed, “may have done some bad things in their take over of New Zealand”, but “had treated the Maori better than the Maori had treated the Moriori”. [38]
So despite the fact that it’s a long debunked anthropological interpretation, typically only supported today by conservatives, reactionaries, anti-progressives, and downright racists, the black pygmy genocide myth in Taiwan, Australia, and New Zealand, still has the potential for genuine harm to the indigenous people of these nations, both socio-culturally and legally.
__________________________________
[1] Lan-Rong Chen et al., “Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms of the Saisiyat Indigenous Group of Taiwan, Search for a Negrito Signature,” EJBMR (2019): 16.
[2] Lan-Rong Chen et al., “Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms of the Saisiyat Indigenous Group of Taiwan, Search for a Negrito Signature,” EJBMR (2019): 13.
[3] Lan-Rong Chen et al., “Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms of the Saisiyat Indigenous Group of Taiwan, Search for a Negrito Signature,” EJBMR (2019): 15.
[4] Ralph Jennings, “‘Negritos’ Celebrated as Early Taiwan Settlers,” Reuters, 17 November 2008.
[5] Michael Stainton, “The Politics of Taiwan Aboriginal Origins,” in Taiwan: A New History, ed. Murray A. Rubinstein (M.E. Sharpe, 2007), 39.
[6] Ralph Jennings, “‘Negritos’ Celebrated as Early Taiwan Settlers,” Reuters, 17 November 2008.
[7] Ralph Jennings, “‘Negritos’ Celebrated as Early Taiwan Settlers,” Reuters, 17 November 2008.
[8] Ministry of Foreign Affairs China (Taiwan) Republic of, “New Evidence of Negrito Presence Unearthed in Taiwan,” website, Taiwan Today (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan), 26 October 2010).
[9] Ralph Jennings, “‘Negritos’ Celebrated as Early Taiwan Settlers,” Reuters, 17 November 2008.
[10] Ralph Jennings, “‘Negritos’ Celebrated as Early Taiwan Settlers,” Reuters, 17 November 2008.
[11] Anonymous, “The Ethnology of the Australian Blacks,” Australasian Anthropological Journal 1.2 (1896), 14.
[12] Anonymous, “The Ethnology of the Australian Blacks,” Australasian Anthropological Journal 1.2 (1896), 14.
[13] Anonymous, “The Ethnology of the Australian Blacks,” Australasian Anthropological Journal 1.2 (1896), 14-15.
[14] Russell McGregor, “Making the Rainforest Aboriginal: Tindale and Birdsell’s Foray into Deep Time,” Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Culture 10 (2016): 9.
[15] Russell McGregor, “Making the Rainforest Aboriginal: Tindale and Birdsell’s Foray into Deep Time,” Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Culture 10 (2016): 10.
[16] James Belich, Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders from Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (University of Hawaii Press, 2002), 26.
[17] Michael Belgrave, Historical Frictions: Maori Claims and Reinvented Histories (Auckland University Press, 2013).
[18] Peter Clayworth, “‘An Indolent and Chilly Folk’: The Development of the Idea of the ‘Moriori Myth’” (University of Otago, 2010), ii.
[19] Richard P. Boast, “A Report to the Waitangi Tribunal” 1 (1997): 70.
[20] Peter Clayworth, “‘An Indolent and Chilly Folk’: The Development of the Idea of the ‘Moriori Myth’” (University of Otago, 2010), ii.
[21] André Brett, “‘The Miserable Remnant of This Ill-Used People’: Colonial Genocide and the Moriori of New Zealand’s Chatham Islands,” Journal of Genocide Research 17.2 (2015): 133.
[22] 'Bayesian phylogenetic analysis allows us to reconstruct a history of early Austronesians arriving in Taiwan in the north ~6,000 years ago, spreading rapidly to the south, and leaving Taiwan ~4,000 years ago to spread throughout Island Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and Oceania.', Albert Min-Shan Ko et al., “Early Austronesians: Into and Out Of Taiwan,” The American Journal of Human Genetics 94.3 (2014): 426; 'All the aboriginal peoples in Taiwan speak languages belonging to the Austronesian family. The linguistic evidence indicates that their ancestors arrived in Taiwan at the same time, cal. 6500 BP.', Paul Jen-kuei Li, “Time Perspective of Formosan Aborigines,” in Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. Alicia Sanchez-Mazas (London: Routledge, 2008), 211.
[23] '“There's no conclusion about the out-of-Africa theory,” said anthropologist, Hu Chia-Yu, at National Taiwan University. “We haven't found any physical remains of pygmies in Taiwan; although in historical letters by Dutch traders in the 16th century, there were mentions about short people. Several other indigenous tribes also have legends about small people,” she said.', Gluck Caroline, “Taiwan Aborigines Keep Rituals Alive,” BBC News, 7 December 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6217502.stm; 'Some anthropologists believe these may have been Proto-Australoid people who possibly arrived from Africa during the early Southern Dispersal 60,000 years ago, but to this day, no archeological evidence has ever revealed the past presence of Negritos in Taiwan.', Lan-Rong Chen et al., “Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms of the Saisiyat Indigenous Group of Taiwan, Search for a Negrito Signature,” EJBMR (2019): 13; 'Although there are some Chinese accounts of small, dark-skinned people with curly hair in Taiwan, to date, Taiwan has no archeological human remains supporting this hypothesis.', Lan-Rong Chen et al., “Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms of the Saisiyat Indigenous Group of Taiwan, Search for a Negrito Signature,” EJBMR (2019): 15.
[24] 'On the other hand, the presence of Negrito is still existent in the Philippines and other parts of peninsular East Asia, but not in Taiwan.', Lan-Rong Chen et al., “Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms of the Saisiyat Indigenous Group of Taiwan, Search for a Negrito Signature,” EJBMR (2019): 15.
[25] 'Some other nineteenth and early twentieth-century observers mentioned a degree of shortness among rainforest Aboriginal people – but it was never more than a mention.', Russell McGregor, “Making the Rainforest Aboriginal: Tindale and Birdsell’s Foray into Deep Time,” Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Culture 10 (2016): 12.
[26] 'Many colonial-era observers made no comment at all on the stature of rainforest Aboriginal people, suggesting that they found nothing exceptional about it. Others claimed them to be big people.', Russell McGregor, “Making the Rainforest Aboriginal: Tindale and Birdsell’s Foray into Deep Time,” Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Culture 10 (2016): 12.
[27] 'Additionally, the discovery that Aboriginal Australians had been on the continent for over 40,000 years challenged the ubiquitous view, based on the popularity of the trihybrid model, that they were recent immigrants to the continent who had experienced no real technological or cultural change in that time (Trigger 1989:141).', Shoshanna Grounds and Anne Ross, “Constant Resurrection: The Trihybrid Model and the Politicisation of Australian Archaeology,” Australian Archaeology 70.1 (2010): 56-57.
[28] 'Most Australian archaeologists would say that Birdsell’s trihybrid model is defunct and no longer worth considering.', Shoshanna Grounds and Anne Ross, “Constant Resurrection: The Trihybrid Model and the Politicisation of Australian Archaeology,” Australian Archaeology 70.1 (2010): 55.
[29] 'The Moriori myth was rejected as early as 1859 by the able historian and ethnographer Arthur Thomson, and, as anthropologist H.D Skinner pointed out in 1923, there has never been very solid evidence for it.', James Belich, Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders from Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (University of Hawaii Press, 2002), 26.
[30] 'The idea of Moriori extinction has also been challenged. The descendants of the Rekohu Moriori have retained their cultural and political identity as Te Iwi Moriori, denying that they ceased to exist as a people with the death of Tommy Solomon.', Peter Clayworth, “‘An Indolent and Chilly Folk’: The Development of the Idea of the ‘Moriori Myth’” (University of Otago, 2010), 6.
[31] 'As far as the scientific evidence is concerned, there were no pre-Māori people. There is no substantial evidence of any sustained human presence in this land before the 13th century, and past then all the evidence is of a fairly homogenous group of people with Eastern Polynesian origins.', Keri Mills, “The Moriori Myth and Why It’s Still with Us,” The Spinoff, 3 August 2018; 'Victoria University Professor of New Zealand studies Richard Hill said theories about people arriving pre-Maori resurfaced from time to time. 'Not one of them has ever passed any remote academic scrutiny.' He said normally those types of theories were considered in the academic world to be 'colonisation justification myths'.', “Historians Rubbish Claims of Academic Conspiracy.” NZ Herald, 27 December 2012.
Sites

[32] Michael Stainton, “The Politics of Taiwan Aboriginal Origins,” in Taiwan: A New History, ed. Murray A. Rubinstein (M.E. Sharpe, 2007), 39.
[33] 'Claims by Aboriginal people today that they have been in Australia for 40,000 to 50,000 years, with such claims being part of their arguments for ‘land rights’, are (according to Liddell) ludicrous because the ‘original Australians’ (those who were here in the distant past) were murdered by the recent ‘Australoid invaders’. Archaeologists, Liddell (1991:iv, 3) claims, have deliberately conspired to ‘cover-up’ the evidence of the ‘murderous behaviour’ of the recently-arrived ancestors of modern Aboriginal peoples. Similar arguments have been presented by other writers (for a summary see McNiven and Russell 2005:88-92).', Shoshanna Grounds and Anne Ross, “Constant Resurrection: The Trihybrid Model and the Politicisation of Australian Archaeology,” Australian Archaeology 70.1 (2010): 57.
[34] Claire Coleman, “Debunking: ‘Aborigines Took This Place from the Pygmies,’” IndigenousX, 31 January 2019.
[35] 'Liberal Democrat Senator David Leyonhjelm recently said Australia should not recognise Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people as the First Australians in legislation because the evidence was only “conjecture”. He raised his concern when he spoke in the Senate to oppose the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (Sunset Extension) Bill 2015, part of which aims to recognise that Australia was first occupied by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.', Joe Dortch and Michael Westaway, “Who We Should Recognise as First Australians in the Constitution,” The Conversation, 13 March 2015.
[36] Keri Mills, “The Moriori Myth and Why It’s Still with Us,” The Spinoff, 3 August 2018.
[37] Keri Mills, “The Moriori Myth and Why It’s Still with Us,” The Spinoff, 3 August 2018.
[38] Peter Clayworth, “‘An Indolent and Chilly Folk’: The Development of the Idea of the ‘Moriori Myth’” (University of Otago, 2010), ii.
submitted byVeritas_Certumtobadhistory [link][comments]

2021.04.01 06:09 chesscAustralia: 2 new local cases; +20,830 vaccinations, 691,000+ in total (1-Apr-2021)

Australia reported 2 new locally acquired cases today. 1 in NSW and 1 in Queensland. Both are contacts of previous cases
20,830 additional vaccinations have been recorded today so far (no updates from NSW, Federal Aged Care or from GP/Respiratory Clinics)
A total of over 691,000 vaccine doses have been administered in Australia
There were 17 new overseas cases recorded today

National COVID-19 update today, 1st of April 2021

Locally acquired	HQ/Overseas	TOTAL
Queensland	1	9	10
NSW	1	4	5
Western Australia	🍩	2	2
South Australia	🍩	1	1
Northern Territory	🍩	1	1
Victoria	🍩	0	0
Tasmania	🍩	0	0
ACT	🍩	0	0
TOTAL	2	17	19

Days since last locally acquired case as at 1st of April 2021

Last locally acquired case	Date
Northern Territory	Never	-
Tasmania	321	15-May-2020
ACT	266	9-July-2020
South Australia	129	23-Nov-2020
Western Australia	59	1-Feb-2021
Victoria	34	26-Feb-2021
NSW	0	1-Apr-2021
Queensland	0	1-Apr-2021

State	Vaccine Information Page
ACT	COVID-19 vaccine
New South Wales	COVID-19 vaccination in NSW
Northern Territory	COVID-19 Vaccinations
Queensland	COVID-19 vaccine
South Australia	COVID-19 vaccinations
Tasmania	COVID-19 Vaccination
Victoria	Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine
Western Australia	Information about the COVID-19 vaccination in WA

State	Doses administered	Reported Today	Doses per 100 population
Victoria	107522	8457	1.61
NSW	100000	0	1.22
Queensland	79534	7592	1.54
WA	53482	2751	2.01
SA	27023	1488	1.53
Tasmania	15077	0	2.79
ACT	11361	542	2.64
NT	7789	0	3.17
Federal Residential Care	99000	0
GP/Respiratory Clinics	190391	0
Australia	691,179	20,830	2.69

Notes:

Vaccination statistics are approximate. NSW and Federal government are not providing daily vaccination statistics
Each person requires two doses to be fully vaccinated
The 'Reported Today' column is the increment in reported/estimated vaccinations since yesterday. It may be different to the number of vaccinations administered in the corresponding 24h period.
Data current at 14:00 AEDT

Chart: Vaccinations per capita

COVID-19 vaccines: News and information for Australians about the development, approval process and plans for COVID-19 vaccines.

submitted bychessctoCoronavirusDownunder [link][comments]

2021.04.01 06:00 chesscAustralia: 2 new local cases; +20,830 vaccinations, 691,000+ in total (1-Apr-2021)

Australia reported 2 new locally acquired cases today. 1 in NSW and 1 in Queensland. Both are contacts of previous cases
20,830 additional vaccinations have been recorded today so far (no updates from NSW, Federal Aged Care or from GP/Respiratory Clinics)
A total of over 691,000 vaccine doses have been administered in Australia
There were 16 new overseas cases recorded today

National COVID-19 update today, 1st of April 2021

Locally acquired	HQ/Overseas	TOTAL
Queensland	1	9	10
NSW	1	4	4
Western Australia	🍩	2	2
South Australia	🍩	1	1
Northern Territory	🍩	0	0
Victoria	🍩	0	0
Tasmania	🍩	0	0
ACT	🍩	0	0
TOTAL	2	8	10

Days since last locally acquired case as at 1st of April 2021

Last locally acquired case	Date
Northern Territory	Never	-
Tasmania	321	15-May-2020
ACT	266	9-July-2020
South Australia	129	23-Nov-2020
Western Australia	59	1-Feb-2021
Victoria	34	26-Feb-2021
NSW	0	1-Apr-2021
Queensland	0	1-Apr-2021

State	Vaccine Information Page
ACT	COVID-19 vaccine
New South Wales	COVID-19 vaccination in NSW
Northern Territory	COVID-19 Vaccinations
Queensland	COVID-19 vaccine
South Australia	COVID-19 vaccinations
Tasmania	COVID-19 Vaccination
Victoria	Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine
Western Australia	Information about the COVID-19 vaccination in WA

State	Doses administered	Reported Today	Doses per 100 population
Victoria	107522	8457	1.61
NSW	100000	0	1.22
Queensland	79534	7592	1.54
WA	53482	2751	2.01
SA	27023	1488	1.53
Tasmania	15077	0	2.79
ACT	11361	542	2.64
NT	7789	0	3.17
Federal Residential Care	99000	0
GP/Respiratory Clinics	190391	0
Australia	691,179	20,830	2.69

Notes:

Vaccination statistics are approximate. NSW and Federal government are not providing daily vaccination statistics
Each person requires two doses to be fully vaccinated
The 'Reported Today' column is the increment in reported/estimated vaccinations since yesterday. It may be different to the number of vaccinations administered in the corresponding 24h period.
Data current at 14:00 AEDT

COVID-19 vaccines: News and information for Australians about the development, approval process and plans for COVID-19 vaccines.

submitted bychessctou/chessc [link][comments]

2021.03.31 07:43 chesscAustralia: 2 new local cases; +72,826 vaccinations, 670,000+ in total (31-Mar-2021)

Queensland reported a 2 new local cases today
NSW announced a locally acquired case in Byron Bay that will be in tomorrow's numbers
Health Minister Greg Hunt says 72,826 vaccinations have taken place in the past 24 hours. He says the rollout is speeding up in Australia. Current national count is 670,349.
There were 8 new overseas cases recorded today

National COVID-19 update today, 31st of March 2021

Locally acquired	HQ/Overseas	TOTAL
Queensland	2	1	3
NSW	🍩	3	3
South Australia	🍩	0	0
Northern Territory	🍩	0	0
Western Australia	🍩	4	4
Victoria	🍩	0	0
Tasmania	🍩	0	0
ACT	🍩	0	0
TOTAL	2	8	10

Days since last locally acquired case as at 31st of March 2021

Last locally acquired case	Date
Northern Territory	Never	-
Tasmania	320	15-May-2020
ACT	265	9-July-2020
South Australia	128	23-Nov-2020
Western Australia	58	1-Feb-2021
Victoria	33	26-Feb-2021
NSW	15	17-Mar-2021
Queensland	0	31-Mar-2021

State	Vaccine Information Page
ACT	COVID-19 vaccine
New South Wales	COVID-19 vaccination in NSW
Northern Territory	COVID-19 Vaccinations
Queensland	COVID-19 vaccine
South Australia	COVID-19 vaccinations
Tasmania	COVID-19 Vaccination
Victoria	Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine
Western Australia	Information about the COVID-19 vaccination in WA

State	Doses administered	Reported Today	Doses per 100 population
Victoria	99065	6300	1.48
NSW	100000	3727	1.22
Queensland	71942	6813	1.39
WA	50731	3030	1.91
SA	25535	1390	1.44
Tasmania	15077	1327	2.79
ACT	10819	538	2.51
NT	7789	425	3.17
Federal Residential Care	99000	10000
GP/Respiratory Clinics	190,391	43,003
Australia	670,349	76,553	2.61

Notes:

Vaccination statistics are approximate. NSW and Federal government are not providing daily vaccination statistics
Each person requires two doses to be fully vaccinated
The 'Reported Today' column is the increment in reported/estimated vaccinations since yesterday. It may be different to the number of vaccinations administered in the corresponding 24h period.
Data current at 15:35 AEDT

Chart: Vaccinations by state

COVID-19 vaccines: News and information for Australians about the development, approval process and plans for COVID-19 vaccines.

submitted bychessctoCoronavirusDownunder [link][comments]

2021.03.31 07:40 chesscAustralia: 2 new local cases; +72,826 vaccinations, 670,000+ in total (31-Mar-2021)

Queensland reported a 8 new local cases today
NSW announced a locally acquired case in Byron Bay that will be in tomorrow's numbers
Health Minister Greg Hunt says 72,826 vaccinations have taken place in the past 24 hours. He says the rollout is speeding up in Australia. Current national count is 670,349. (Source: https://twitter.com/TomMcIlroy/status/1377114366844096516)
- Note: we don't have the breakdown of these numbers so table below does not match the announcement
There were 8 new overseas cases recorded today

National COVID-19 update today, 31st of March 2021

Locally acquired	HQ/Overseas	TOTAL
Queensland	2	1	3
NSW	🍩	3	3
South Australia	🍩	0	0
Northern Territory	🍩	0	0
Western Australia	🍩	4	4
Victoria	🍩	0	0
Tasmania	🍩	0	0
ACT	🍩	0	0
TOTAL	2	8	10

Days since last locally acquired case as at 31st of March 2021

Last locally acquired case	Date
Northern Territory	Never	-
Tasmania	320	15-May-2020
ACT	265	9-July-2020
South Australia	128	23-Nov-2020
Western Australia	58	1-Feb-2021
Victoria	33	26-Feb-2021
NSW	15	17-Mar-2021
Queensland	0	31-Mar-2021

State	Vaccine Information Page
ACT	COVID-19 vaccine
New South Wales	COVID-19 vaccination in NSW
Northern Territory	COVID-19 Vaccinations
Queensland	COVID-19 vaccine
South Australia	COVID-19 vaccinations
Tasmania	COVID-19 Vaccination
Victoria	Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine
Western Australia	Information about the COVID-19 vaccination in WA

State	Doses administered	Reported Today	Doses per 100 population
Victoria	99065	6300	1.48
NSW	100000	3727	1.22
Queensland	71942	6813	1.39
WA	50731	3030	1.91
SA	25535	1390	1.44
Tasmania	15077	1327	2.79
ACT	10819	538	2.51
NT	7789	425	3.17
Federal Residential Care	89000	6458
GP/Respiratory Clinics	147388	27592
Australia	617,346	57,600	2.40

Notes:

Vaccination statistics are approximate. NSW and Federal government are not providing daily vaccination statistics
Each person requires two doses to be fully vaccinated
The 'Reported Today' column is the increment in reported/estimated vaccinations since yesterday. It may be different to the number of vaccinations administered in the corresponding 24h period.
Data current at 15:35 AEDT
We don't have the breakdown of these numbers announced by Greg Hunt, so table figures do not match announcement

COVID-19 vaccines: News and information for Australians about the development, approval process and plans for COVID-19 vaccines.

submitted bychessctou/chessc [link][comments]

2021.03.30 06:59 chesscAustralia: 8 new local cases; +17,985 vaccinations, 559,000+ in total (30-Mar-2021)

Queensland reported a 8 new local cases today
+17,985 additional vaccinations have been reported today (no updates from NSW or the Federal government)
Over 559,000 vaccine doses have now been administered across the country
There were 10 new overseas cases recorded today

National COVID-19 update today, 30th of March 2021

Locally acquired	HQ/Overseas	TOTAL
Queensland	8	2	10
NSW	🍩	5	5
South Australia	🍩	3	3
Northern Territory	🍩	0	0
Western Australia	🍩	0	0
Victoria	🍩	0	0
Tasmania	🍩	0	0
ACT	🍩	0	0
TOTAL	8	10	18

Days since last locally acquired case as at 30th of March 2021

Last locally acquired case	Date
Northern Territory	Never	-
Tasmania	319	15-May-2020
ACT	264	9-July-2020
South Australia	127	23-Nov-2020
Western Australia	57	1-Feb-2021
Victoria	32	26-Feb-2021
NSW	13	17-Mar-2021
Queensland	0	30-Mar-2021

State	Vaccine Information Page
ACT	COVID-19 vaccine
New South Wales	COVID-19 vaccination in NSW
Northern Territory	COVID-19 Vaccinations
Queensland	COVID-19 vaccine
South Australia	COVID-19 vaccinations
Tasmania	COVID-19 Vaccination
Victoria	Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine
Western Australia	Information about the COVID-19 vaccination in WA

State	Doses administered	Reported Today	Doses per 100 population
Victoria	92765	6483	1.39
NSW	96273	0	1.18
Queensland	65129	6003	1.26
WA	47701	2610	1.79
SA	24145	1358	1.36
Tasmania	13750	659	2.54
ACT	10281	535	2.38
NT	7364	337	2.99
Federal Residential Care	82542	0
GP/Respiratory Clinics	119796	0
Australia	559,746	17,985	2.18

Notes:

Vaccination statistics are approximate. NSW and Federal government are not providing daily vaccination statistics
Each person requires two doses to be fully vaccinated
The 'Reported Today' column is the increment in reported/estimated vaccinations since yesterday. It may be different to the number of vaccinations administered in the corresponding 24h period.
Data current at 14:55 AEDT

Chart: vaccinations by state

COVID-19 vaccines: News and information for Australians about the development, approval process and plans for COVID-19 vaccines.

submitted bychessctoCoronavirusDownunder [link][comments]

2021.03.30 06:56 chesscAustralia: 8 new local cases; +17,985 vaccinations, 559,000+ in total (30-Mar-2021)

Queensland reported a 8 new local cases today
+17,985 additional vaccinations have been reported today (no updates from NSW or the Federal government)
Over 559,000 vaccine doses have now been administered across the country
There were 10 new overseas cases recorded today

National COVID-19 update today, 30th of March 2021

Locally acquired	HQ/Overseas	TOTAL
Queensland	8	2	10
NSW	🍩	5	5
South Australia	🍩	3	3
Northern Territory	🍩	0	0
Western Australia	🍩	0	0
Victoria	🍩	0	0
Tasmania	🍩	0	0
ACT	🍩	0	0
TOTAL	8	10	18

Days since last locally acquired case as at 30th of March 2021

Last locally acquired case	Date
Northern Territory	Never	-
Tasmania	319	15-May-2020
ACT	264	9-July-2020
South Australia	127	23-Nov-2020
Western Australia	57	1-Feb-2021
Victoria	32	26-Feb-2021
NSW	13	17-Mar-2021
Queensland	0	30-Mar-2021

State	Vaccine Information Page
ACT	COVID-19 vaccine
New South Wales	COVID-19 vaccination in NSW
Northern Territory	COVID-19 Vaccinations
Queensland	COVID-19 vaccine
South Australia	COVID-19 vaccinations
Tasmania	COVID-19 Vaccination
Victoria	Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine
Western Australia	Information about the COVID-19 vaccination in WA

State	Doses administered	Reported Today	Doses per 100 population
Victoria	92765	6483	1.39
NSW	96273	0	1.18
Queensland	65129	6003	1.26
WA	47701	2610	1.79
SA	24145	1358	1.36
Tasmania	13750	659	2.54
ACT	10281	535	2.38
NT	7364	337	2.99
Federal Residential Care	82542	0
GP/Respiratory Clinics	119796	0
Australia	559,746	17,985	2.18

pluto:275:~/notes/cvdu>
Notes:

Vaccination statistics are approximate. NSW and Federal government are not providing daily vaccination statistics
Each person requires two doses to be fully vaccinated
The 'Reported Today' column is the increment in reported/estimated vaccinations since yesterday. It may be different to the number of vaccinations administered in the corresponding 24h period.
Data current at 14:55 AEDT

COVID-19 vaccines: News and information for Australians about the development, approval process and plans for COVID-19 vaccines.

submitted bychessctou/chessc [link][comments]

2021.03.29 07:55 FumbleponyAustralia: 4 new local cases; 541,000+ vaccinations in total (29-Mar-2021)

Queensland reported 4 new local cases today. Two are close contacts of a previously reported case. The other two are a nurse and her sister, who currently have an unknown source.
Over 29k vaccinations have been reported so far today
Over 541k vaccine doses have now been administered across the country
There were 14 new overseas cases recorded today

National COVID-19 update today, 28th of March 2021

Browse Singles Without Signing Up

Locally acquired	HQ/Overseas	TOTAL
Queensland	4	6	10
NSW	🍩	2	2
South Australia	🍩	2	2
Western Australia	🍩	3	3
Northern Territory	🍩	0	0
Victoria	🍩	1	1
Tasmania	🍩	0	0
ACT	🍩	0	0
TOTAL	4	14	18

Days since last locally acquired case as at 27th of March 2021

Last locally acquired case	Date
Northern Territory	Never	-
Tasmania	318	15-May-2020
ACT	263	9-July-2020
South Australia	126	23-Nov-2020
Western Australia	56	1-Feb-2021
Victoria	31	26-Feb-2021
NSW	12	17-Mar-2021
Queensland	0	29-Mar-2021

State	Vaccine Information Page
ACT	COVID-19 vaccine
New South Wales	COVID-19 vaccination in NSW
Northern Territory	COVID-19 Vaccinations
Queensland	COVID-19 vaccine
South Australia	COVID-19 vaccinations
Tasmania	COVID-19 Vaccination
Victoria	Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine
Western Australia	Information about the COVID-19 vaccination in WA

State	Doses administered	Reported Today	Doses per 100 population
Victoria	86282	2072	1.28
NSW	97141	0	1.18
Queensland	59126	196	1.14
WA	45091	549	1.69
SA	22687	190	1.28
Tasmania	12518	790	2.31
ACT	9746	317	2.26
NT	6911	0	2.80
Federal Residential Care	82500	2500
GP/Respiratory Clinics	75700	23000
Australia	541761	29373	2.13

Notes:

Vaccination statistics are approximate. NSW and Federal government are not providing daily vaccination statistics
Each person requires two doses to be fully vaccinated
The 'Reported Today' column is the increment in reported/estimated vaccinations since yesterday. It may be different to the number of vaccinations administered in the corresponding 24h period.
Data current at 15:53 AEST

COVID-19 vaccines: News and information for Australians about the development, approval process and plans for COVID-19 vaccines.

submitted byFumbleponytoCoronavirusDownunder [link][comments]

2021.03.28 08:01 UpbeatGraceAustralia: 1 new local case; 479,000+ vaccinations in total (28-Mar-2021)

Queensland reported one new local case today. The case was a close contact of Friday's case
29,981) additional vaccinations have been reported so far today (some states yet to report)
Over 504,000) vaccine doses have now been administered across the country
There were 6 new overseas cases recorded today

updated 16:04 AEST)

Browse Free Dating Without Registering

National COVID-19 update today, 28th of March 2021

Locally acquired	HQ/Overseas	TOTAL
Queensland	1	2	3
NSW	🍩	0	0
South Australia	🍩	2	2
Western Australia	🍩	1	1
Northern Territory	🍩	1	1
Victoria	🍩	0	0
Tasmania	🍩	0	0
ACT	🍩	0	0
TOTAL	1	6	7

Days since last locally acquired case as at 27th of March 2021

Last locally acquired case	Date
Northern Territory	Never	-
Tasmania	317	15-May-2020
ACT	262	9-July-2020
South Australia	125	23-Nov-2020
Western Australia	55	1-Feb-2021
Victoria	30	26-Feb-2021
NSW	11	17-Mar-2021
Queensland	0	28-Mar-2021

State	Vaccine Information Page
ACT	COVID-19 vaccine
New South Wales	COVID-19 vaccination in NSW
Northern Territory	COVID-19 Vaccinations
Queensland	COVID-19 vaccine
South Australia	COVID-19 vaccinations
Tasmania	COVID-19 Vaccination
Victoria	Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine
Western Australia	Information about the COVID-19 vaccination in WA

State	Doses administered	Reported Today	Doses per 100 population
Victoria	84210	3512	1.26
NSW	89196	0	1.09
Queensland	58930	491	1.14
WA	44542	494	1.67
SA	22497	225	1.27
Tasmania	11728	0	2.17
ACT	9429	333	2.19
NT	6578	-	2.67
Federal Residential Care	80000	20626
GP/Respiratory Clinics	97000	4300
Australia	504,110	29,981	1.87

Notes:

Vaccination statistics are approximate. NSW and Federal government are not providing daily vaccination statistics
Each person requires two doses to be fully vaccinated
The 'Reported Today' column is the increment in reported/estimated vaccinations since yesterday. It may be different to the number of vaccinations administered in the corresponding 24h period.
Data current at 16:03 AEST

COVID-19 vaccines: News and information for Australians about the development, approval process and plans for COVID-19 vaccines.

submitted byUpbeatGracetoCoronavirusDownunder [link][comments]

Strategic Plan - The Department of Education Tasmania

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